• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.341-352
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• 2003

Collecting data through experiment, the observers are an import source of measurement error and the inference on the measure of agreement, say kappa, is necessary. The models commonly used are complicated general mixture model, which have many nuisance parameters. Orthogonalization of parameters reduce the effect of nuisance parameter. Orthogonalization of estimating function gives the same effect as the parameter orthogonalization. In this study, the method for orthogonalization of estimating equation is studied and applied to the Beta-binomial model to examine the properties of the estimate of kappa. As a result, the likelihood function is insensitive to the change of the nuisance parameter and bias is smaller than the result of m.1.e. when kappa has extreme values

• 아동학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.3-17
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• 1999

Maternal sensitivity and infant temperament were studied in relation to infant attachment security. Subjects were 47 one-year-old infants anti their mothers from intact upper-middle class families. Mothers sorted the Attachment Q-set (Waters, 1987, version 3.0) and filled out the Toddlers Temperament Questionnaire(Chu, 1992). Maternal sensitivity was observed in the home for two 3-hour sessions, and observers completed the Maternal Behavior Q-set(Pederson, Moran et al., 1990). Attachment security scores of the infants, using criterion scores developed with Korean infants, were 42, which is comparable to Previous studies. Infants who were securely attached to mothers showed more secure-based behaviors and compliance, enjoyed physical contacts, and showed less fussy/difficult behaviors with mothers. Mothers of girls were observed to be more sensitive to their infants' signals than mothers of boys. Maternal sensitivity scores were not related to infant security scores. However, maternal sensitivity was related to less compliance to mothers for boys.

• 아동학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.23-37
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate sex differences in creativity among young children and differences in creativity as a function of the questioning patterns of teachers. The subjects were 4 teachers and 133 five-year-old children (63 boys and 70 girls). The questioning of teachers were categorized into divergent vs. convergent patterns by 3 trained observers. The TTCT (Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking) was administered to the subjects. Creativity scores on fluency, elaboration, originality, and abstractness of titles differed by questioning patterns. Girls' elaboration scores were higher than boys' as a function of teachers' divergent questioning patterns. Boys' abstractness of titles was higher than girls' as a function of teacher's convergent questioning patterns.

• 아동학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.71-95
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• 2009

This study investigated relationships among infant development, teacher's sensitivity, home literacy environment, and infant-teacher interaction in the child care setting. Verbal and behavioral interactions between 30 2-year-old infant-teacher pairs were video-recorded during free play activities; teachers' sensitivity was observed by trained observers; infant development was assessed by teachers; data on the early home literacy environment were gathered through maternal self-reported questionnaires. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-tests, and correlation analyses. Results indicated that boys showed more naming; girls showed more physical contact with teachers. Infants high in overall developmental level showed more behavioral interaction with teachers. Teacher's sensitivity correlated positively with behavioral imitating and negatively with questioning and nodding. Verbal interaction in the home correlated positively with nodding.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.95-108
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• 1998

This study is the second study which was aimed to validate the Infant/ Toddler Environment Rating Scale(ITERS). The test-retest reliability included 10 infant/toddler classes among 30 national/public and private child care centers in Inchon city which had been observed in the first validation study. The Spearman's correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability was ranged from .52 to .84. In addition, two raters observed 10 family day care centers in Inchon city, where two observers independently rated each centers on the ITERS during a single visit. The Spearman's correlation coefficient for interrater reliability was ranged from.72 to .99 For the second measure of content validity, experts who were working in day care centers and who were graduate students, lecturers, or professors majoring child studies rated the appropriateness of each ITERS items for the provision of high-quality programs for infants and toddlers, using a 1(low) to 5(high) scale. The mean rating was ranged from 2.52 to 4.52. In sum, when the rating scores were analyzed by the type of child care centers, national/public child care centers have better quality than private or family child care centers.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.235-248
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• 1997

This study was aimed to validate the Infant/Toddler Environment Rating scale (ITERS). The rating scale was translated and adjusted appropriately by two researchers majoring child studies. An item-by-item comparison of the ITERS with criteria of NAEYC was conducted as the measure of content validity. 88% of the items of the ITERS was covered on the NAEYC criteria. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing ITERS scores and the Assessment Profile for early childhood Programs scores. The total correlation of two scores was .87. The sample for the inetrater reliability and internal consistency studies included 30 infant/toddler classes in 30 day care center in Inchon city. Two observers independently rated each class on the ITERS during a single visit. The Spearman's correlation coefficient for interater reliability on the overall scale was .74. For the measure of internal consistency, the Cronbach's Alpha score on the overall scale was .93. The rating results show that national/public child care centers have better quality in Adult Needs and Learning Activities subscales than private child care centers have.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제44권8호
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• pp.63-78
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• 2006

The nation's birthrate has been rapidly falling. The purpose of this study was to explore the factors related to low birthrate, by analyzing TV dramas dealing with childbirth and rearing. Content analysis is well suited to research probing widespread cultural notions or behavior. If any part or all of the dramas discussed an aspect of childbirth and rearing, we recorded verbatim quotes and paraphrased some specific points. Using the technique of multiple observers, inter rater as well as intra rater reliabilities were measured. The results showed that emergent themes in TV dramas on low birthrate are social environment, family context, and value changes. The conclusions and implications of these findings are discussed.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.647-672
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• 2003

This study sought to determine the impact of the graphing calculator on prospective math-teachers' mathematical thinking while they engaged in the exploratory tasks. To understand students' thinking processes, two groups of three students enrolled in the college of education program participated in the study and their performances were audio-taped and described in the observers' notebooks. The results indicated that the prospective teachers got the clues in recalling the prior memory, adapting the algebraic knowledge to given problems, and finding the patterns related to data, to solve the tasks based on inductive, deductive, and creative thinking. The graphing calculator amplified the speed and accuracy of problem-solving strategies and resulted partly in students' progress to the creative thinking by their concept development.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈D:수학교육연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.293-299
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• 2008

Young children have manifold potentialities. As any teacher or parent knows, a child's most obvious strengths contribute to their development in unexpected ways. A sporting or musical forte may provide an invaluable youthful opportunity to experience "the pursuit of excellence," but may then be laid aside. It is exceedingly rare for a strength which informed observers might "identify" at school level to develop in a predictable way. Most strengths blossom and are then laid aside, whilst some evolve sideways (for example, when the inner muse shies away from the required level of commitment, or takes fright at the miniscule prospects of success in the given field). In their place other strengths-which one may have noticed, but which were never "diagnosed" in the same way-take over and flourish.

• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2003

Tracking control schemes on the precise mechanical system in presence of nonlinear dynamic friction is proposed. A nonlinear dynamic friction is regarded as the bristle friction model to compensate fer effects of friction. The conventional SMC method often shows poor tracking performance in high-precision position tracking application since it cannot completely compensate for the friction effect below a certain precision level. Thus to improve the precise position tracking performance, we propose the SMC method combined with the disturbance observer having tunable transient performance. Then this control scheme has the high precise tracking peformance as well as a good transient response when it is compared with the conventional SMC method and the similar types of observers, The experiment on the XY ball-screw drive system with the nonlinear dynamic friction confirms the feasibility of the proposed control scheme.