• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권2호
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• pp.133-141
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• 2009

This study was conducted to support for determining an efficient sampling design for forest resources assessments in South Korea with respect to statistical efficiency. For this objective, different systematic sampling designs were simulated and compared based on an artificial forest population that had been built from field sample data and satellite data in Yang-Pyeong County, Korea. Using the k-NN technique, two thematic maps (growing stock and forest cover type per pixel unit) across the test area were generated; field data (n=191) and Landsat ETM+ were used as source data. Four sampling designs (systematic sampling, systematic sampling for post-stratification, systematic cluster sampling, and stratified systematic sampling) were employed as optimum sampling design candidates. In order to compute error variance, the Monte Carlo simulation was used (k=1,000). Then, sampling error and relative efficiency were compared. When the objective of an inventory was to obtain estimations for the entire population, systematic cluster sampling was superior to the other sampling designs. If its objective is to obtain estimations for each sub-population, post-stratification gave a better estimation. In order to successfully perform this procedure, it requires clear definitions of strata of interest per field observation unit for efficient stratification.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.136-144
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• 2020

Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) patients may experience emotional withdrawal during their growth period due to their abnormal facial appearance. Distraction osteogenesis at an early age to improve their appearance can encourage these patients. Some abnormalities of the affected side can be overcome by distraction osteogenesis at an early age. However, differences in the growth rate between the affected and unaffected sides during the rest of the growth period are inevitable due to the characteristics of HFM. Therefore, re-evaluation should be performed after completion of growth in order to achieve stable occlusion through either orthognathic surgery or camouflage orthodontic treatment. An eight-year-old patient visited the clinic exhibiting features of HFM with slight mandibular involvement. He received phase I treatment with distraction osteogenesis and a functional appliance. Distraction osteogenesis was performed at the right ramus, which resulted in an open bite at the right posterior dentition. After distraction osteogenesis, a functional appliance and partial fixed appliance were used to achieve extrusion of the affected posterior dentition and settlement of the occlusion adjustment on the unaffected posterior dentition. The patient visited the clinic regularly for follow-up assessments, and at the age of 20 years, he showed facial asymmetry of the mandible, which had deviated to the right side. He received orthodontic treatment to improve the occlusion of his posterior dentition after the growth period. Without orthognathic surgery, stable occlusion and a satisfactory facial appearance were obtained through camouflage orthodontic treatment.

• 암석학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.49-66
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• 2018

화산위험지도 작성은 1960년대 과학 탐구의 초점이 되었다. Dwight Crandell과 Don Mullineau는 '과거는 미래의 열쇠이다'라는 관점으로 재해위험 매핑에 대한 지질학적 접근 방법을 개척했다. 세인트 헬렌즈산의 위험도 평가와 가까운 미래의 분출 예측에 대한 1978년 발간물, 그리고 1980년 대규모 분화로 화산위험 평가의 유용성이 입증되었고 화산 과학의 이 영역에서 거대한 성장이 시작되었다. 1980년대의 위험한 지역을 식별하기 위해 위험지역 이해 프로세스의 수치 모델을 개발하고 사용하기 시작했으며, 1990년대 후반부터 확산되었다. 수치모의 모델 산출물은 화산의 지질학적 지식에 의해 강조될 때 가장 유용하고 정확하다. 화산위험지도는 장기간의 무조건적인 화산 재해 위험을 묘사하는지, 어느 정도의 위험을 가진 모든 지역을 보여주는지, 화산이 불안정 또는 분화 위기 시에 개발되어 현재의 감시, 관찰 및 예보 정보를 고려한 지도로 크게 분류할 수 있다.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 3th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.1140-1147
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• 2009

Productivity measurement of construction machinery is a significant issue faced by many contractors especially those involved in earthwork projects. Traditionally, equipment production rate has been estimated using data available in manufacturers' catalogues, results of previous construction projects, or personal experience and assessments of the site personnel. Actual production rates obtained after the completion of a project demonstrate the fact that most of these methods fail to provide accurate results and as a direct consequence, may lead to unrealistic project cost estimations prepared by the contractors. What makes this more critical is that in most cases, inadequate cost estimations lead the entire project to exceed the initial budget or fall behind the schedule. In this paper, a linear regression method to estimate bulldozer productivity is introduced. This method has been developed using SPSS-16 software package. The presented method is used to estimate the productivity of Komatsu D-155A1 series which is commonly used in many earthmoving operations in Iran. The data required for the numerical analysis has been collected from actual site observation and productivity measurement of 60 pieces of D-155A1 series currently being used in several earthmoving projects in Iran. Comparative analysis of the output data of the presented regression method and the existing productivity tables provided by the manufacturer shows that when compared to the actual productivity data collected on the jobsite, a significant increase in accuracy and a remarkable reduction of data variance can be achieved by using the presented regression method.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.18-31
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the impact of anthropometric indices of obesity (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference, waist hip ratio, and body fat percentage) on the incidence of hypertension in adults with prehypertension. Methods: A longitudinal study design using secondary data form the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study was employed. The study included 1,838 adults with prehypertension tracked every two years from 2001 to 2018. Statistical analyses, including frequency assessments, number of cases per 1,000 person-years, log-rank tests, Kaplan-Meier curves, and Cox's proportional hazards regression, were conducted using SPSS version 25. Results: Over the observation period (15,783.6 person-years), 1,136 individuals developed hypertension. The incidence of hypertension was significantly higher in the obesity groups defined by BMI (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.33), waist circumference (HR = 1.34), waist hip ratio (HR = 1.29), and body fat percentage (HR = 1.31) compared to the non-obese group. These findings indicate an increased risk of hypertension associated with obesity as measured by these indices. Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of avoiding obesity to prevent hypertension in individuals with prehypertension. Specifically, BMI, waist circumference, waist hip circumference, and body fat percentage were identified as significant risk factors for hypertension. The results suggest the need for individualized weight control interventions, emphasizing the role of health professionals in addressing the heightened hypertension risk in this population.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.667-675
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• 2017

Objective : Total resection without consecutive postoperative whole brain radiation therapy is indicated for patients with a single or two sites of brain metastasis, with close follow-up by serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we explored the effectiveness, usefulness, and safety of this follow-up regimen. Methods : From January 2006 to December 2015, a total of 109 patients (76 males, 33 females) underwent tumor resection as the first treatment for brain metastases (97 patients with single metastases, 12 with two metastases). The mean age was 59.8 years (range 27-80). The location of the 121 tumors in the 109 patients was supratentorial (n=98) and in the cerebellum (n=23). The origin of the primary cancers was lung (n=45), breast (n=17), gastrointestinal tract (n=18), hepatobiliary system (n=8), kidney (n=7), others (n=11), and unknown origin (n=3). The 121 tumors were totally resected. Follow-up involved regular clinical and MRI assessments. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) after tumor resection were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier methods based on clinical prognostic factors. Results : During the follow-up, MRI scans were done for 85 patients (78%) with 97 tumors. Fifty-six of the 97 tumors showed no recurrence without adjuvant local treatment, representing a numerical tumor recurrence-free rate of 57.7%. Mean and median RFS was 13.6 and 5.3 months, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed the cerebellar location of the tumor as the only statistically significant prognostic factor related to RFS (p=0.020). Mean and median OS was 15.2 and 8.1 months, respectively. There were no significant prognostic factors related to OS. The survival rate at one year was 8.2% (9 of 109). Conclusion : With close and regular clinical and image follow-up, initial postoperative observation without prompt postoperative radiation therapy can be applied in patients of brain metastasi(e)s when both the tumor(s) are completely resected.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2009

Domestic bitches are non-seasonally monoestrus; spontaneously ovulate only once or twice occurs at anytime of the year. Estrus induction has been applied infrequent estrus, misleading ovulation, mating difficulties, failure to conceive after normal mating, pregnancy failure and biological research. Protocol of estrus induction which included variable hormones such as FSH, GnRH, and PMSG have been applied for the last decades. Recently, Bromocriptine, one of anti-prolatin/dopamine agonist has been occasionally applied for estrus induction. The study was carried out to investigate the effective method for the induction of estrus in bitches using different hormone treatments, and the initiation time of estrus from hormone treatment by assessments of cytological observation and blood plasma progesterone concentration. A total of 54 bitches on anestrus were selected for the study and divided randomly into 8 treatment groups as follow. Control, natural estrus; FSH (L), FSH (1.5 mg/kg, twice a day, $Falltrophin^{(R)}$, Vetrepharm); FSH (H), FSH (3.0 mg/kg, twice a day); GnRH+FSH, GnRH (5 ug/kg, once first day, $GNADON^{(R)}$, Dongbang)+FSH (3 mg/kg, SID); PMSG, PMSG (50 IU/kg, every third day $FOLLIGON^{(R)}$, Intevet); GnRH+PMSG, GnRH (5 ug/kg, only first day)+PMSG (50 IU/kg, every third day); GnRH, GnRH (5 ug/kg, only first day); Bromocriptine, bromocriptine (0.3 mg/kg, SID, $Parlodel^{(R)}$, Novartis). The bitches were evaluated clinical sign, cytological exam and $OVUCHECK^{(R)}$ Premate for assessment of estrus induction. Estrus induction rates were significantly (P<0.05) higher in GnRH+PMSG (100%) compared to others. PMSG and GnRH+PMGS (87.5 and 100%) and Bromocriptine (77.8%) were higher than others except GnRH+PMSG. Analysis of vaginal smear has proved to be effective a correct assessment of estrus induction with assay of progesterone concentration by $OVUCHECK^{(R)}$ Premate. Proestrus initiated by the $6^{th}$ after induction in most case. In conclusion, bromocriptine is an effective drug for estrus induction in bitches and assay of progesterone concentration by $OVUCHECK^{(R)}$ Premate with examination of vaginal smear that should be useful to detection of estrus induction of estrus induced bitches.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.505-511
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• 2010

치아종은 느린 성장을 나타내는 양성종양으로 치성종양의 약 22%를 차지한다. 대부분 치아발생 과정 중 치배증식기에 시작되며, 성장이 제한적이고 특별한 임상 증상을 나타내지 않기 때문에 환자가 자각할 수 없는 경우가 많다. 치아 맹출 장애를 주소로 이를 확인하는 과정 중에 흔히 진단되며, 10대에 가장 많이 발견된다. 치아종은 주로 방사선 사진을 통해 진단되는데, 발생 초기 및 초기 석회화 단계에서는 방사선 사진에서 확인하기 힘든 경우가 많다. 그러나 석회화되지 않은 치아종도 치아의 맹출을 방해할 수 있으므로 정기적인 방사선 사진 촬영을 통한 확인이 필요하다. 치아종에 의해 맹출 장애가 발생한 경우 매복치의 발육정도와 매복위치에 따라 치아종을 제거한 후 자발적 맹출을 기대해 보거나 매복치의 외과적 노출, 교정적인 견인 등의 방법을 고려할 수 있다. 본 증례는 특별한 원인 없이 맹출 장애를 보여 정기검사 또는 매복치의 맹출 유도를 위한 치료도중, 치아종이 석회화된 후에 방사선사진 상에 관찰되어, 맹출 장애 원인이 발육중인 치아종에 의해 야기되었음을 확인하여 이에 보고하는 바이다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was undertaken to compare the effect of Foeniculi Fructus and Lonicerae Flos extract on the cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Methods : Acute pancreatitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cerulein. Foeniculi Fructus extract (FE; 300 mg/kg) and Lonicerae Flos extract (LE; 300 mg/kg) were injected 2hr before induction of acute pancreatitis. Rats were sacrificed 6hr after first injection of cerulein. The severity of pancreatitis was assessed by measuring pancreatic weight/body weight ratio, neutrophil, lymphocyte, serum amylase activity, platelet activating factor (PAF) activity, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) activity, interleukin 6 (IL-6) activity and by histological assessments of inflammatory cell infiltration. Results : 1. The pancreatic weight/body weight ratios of FE and LE group compared with the control group were decreased significantly. 2. The neutrophil content ratio of FE and LE group compared with the control group were decreased. 3. The lymphocyte content ratio of FE and LE group compared with the control group were increased significantly. 4. The activities of serum amylase of FE and LE group compared with the control group were decreased significantly. 5. The activities of serum PAF of FE and LE group compared with the control group were decreased significantly. 6. The activities of TNF-${\alpha}$ of FE and LE group compared with the control group were decreased significantly. 7. The activities of IL-6 of FE and LE group compared with the control group were decreased significantly. 8. The pancreas injected with FE and LE showed reduction of swelling of acinar cells, inflammation and vacuolization than the control group on light microscopic observation. Conclusions : These results suggest that Foeniculi Fructus and Lonicerae Flos extract have an effect to suppress inflammation on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. But there are no significant differences between Foeniculi Fructus extract and Lonicerae Flos extract.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.555-561
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• 2003

Incidence of estrum or abortions in pregnant cows may be affected by large follicles developed together with corpus luteum in pair ovaries of pregnant cows. But the follicles of pregnant phase were not assessed about histological findings. Determination of the healthy and atretic follicles by presence of proliferative cells or apoptotic cells and histological compositions of follicles would be used as important data on measurements of ovarian functions. This study was focussed mainly to investigate macroscopical, histological and immunohistochemical findings of ovarian follicles of pregnant Korean native cows and dairy cows (Holstein). In immunohistochemical methods, assessments of proliferative cells using PCNA antibody and apoptotic cells using TUNEL methods were performed. The follicles were observed on all 24 pregnant cows (17 Korean native cows and 7 Holstein cows). Follicles of greater than 10 mm in daimeter were developed in 37.5% (9/24 heads) of these pregnant cows. largest follicles from in these cows were $16.0{\times}15.0mm$ in diameter in a Korean native cow(l20 days of gestation), $13.4{\times}10.1mm$ in a Korean native cow(50 days of gestation), $12.9{\times}11.5mm$ in a Holstein cow (120 days of gestation). 40.5% among all follicles having diameter of greater than 1.0 mm in pregnant cows were assessed as atretic follicles and in addition, healthy follicles also showed less in number and smaller in size and thinner in wall layer compared with those of cyclic phase ovaries. In immunohistochemical findings, also proliferative positive cells and apoptotic positive cells on the granulosa cell layers in the healthy follicles of pregnant cows appeared less than on those of cyclic follicles. So these follicles were assessed as weakly active follicles. In large follicles, above positive cells were not nearly appeared but granulosa cell debris were more appeared among the granulosa cells. So these large follicles were assessed as inactvie or atretic follicles. The above findings suggest that small follicles of pregnant phase were weakly active or atretic and large follicles were inactive or atretic.