• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.641-649
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• 2016

Highly precision body measurements represent basic data required by industry and researches who wish to utilize information about the human body. The proficiency and expertise of the measurers have a significant influence on the error and accuracy of data when various parts from multiple subjects' bodies are measured. Therefore, in order to measure accurate body measurements (when measuring bodies directly), it is necessary to conduct objective analyses on errors. This study calculated the Relative Technical Error of Measurement (%TEM) using data that measured each of 24 subjects and discussed errors and methods to reduce errors by conducting comparison analysis based on measured items and objects. The result of analysis indicated that the errors based on age and gender of the objects of measurement were minor; however, there were comparatively distinct differences in measured errors based on measured items. 'Right and left Shoulder Angle' for all measured subjects displayed the greatest errors and standard deviations. 'Height' dimension, Lateral Malleolus Height and Head Height had big errors; in addition, 'Circumference', Neck Base Circumference and Armscye Circumference also had big errors. More careful measurements of such items with big errors require additional educational plan such as a proposal for more objective and detailed measurement methods. Items with small errors but big standard deviations such as Waist Circumference, Calf Circumference, Minimum Leg Circumference, Chest Circumference, Hip Circumference and Waist Circumference confirmed that errors for them greatly decreased with repeated experiments and resultant measurers increased proficiency; consequently, repeated measuring experiments for these items greatly enhance accuracy.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 2005

Several models predict large and potentially abrupt ocean circulation changes due to anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions. These circulation changes drive-in the models-considerable oceanic oxygen trend. A sound estimate of the observed oxygen trends can hence be a powerful tool to constrain predictions of future changes in oceanic deepwater formation, heat and carbon dioxide uptake. Estimating decadal scale oxygen trends is, however, a nontrivial task and previous studies have come to contradicting conclusions. One key potential problem is that changes in the historical observation network might introduce considerable errors. Here we estimate the likely magnitude of these errors for a subset of the available observations in the Southern Ocean. We test three common data analysis methods south of Australia and focus on the decadal-scale trends between the 1970's and the 1990's. Specifically, we estimate errors due to sparsely sampled observations using a known signal (the time invariant, temporally averaged, World Ocean Atlas 2001) as a negative control. The crossover analysis and the objective analysis methods are for less prone to spatial sampling location biases than the area averaging method. Subject to numerous caveats, we find that errors due to sparse sampling for the area averaging method are on the order of several micro-moles $kg^{-1}$. for the crossover and the objective analysis method, these errors are much smaller. For the analyzed example, the biases due to changes in the spatial design of the historical observation network are relatively small compared to the tends predicted by many model simulations. This raises the possibility to use historic oxygen trends to constrain model simulations, even in sparsely sampled ocean basins.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2611-2617
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• 2016

Background: Medication errors are common but most often preventable events in any health care setup. Studies on medication errors involving chemotherapeutic drugs are limited. Objective: We studied three aspects of medication errors - prescription, transcription and administration errors in 500 cancer patients who received ambulatory cancer chemotherapy at a resource limited setting government hospital attached cancer centre in South India. The frequency of medication errors, their types and the possible reasons for their occurrence were analysed. Design and Methods: Cross-sectional study using direct observation and chart review in anmbulatory day care unit of a Regional Cancer Centre in South India. Prescription charts of 500 patients during a three month time period were studied and errors analysed. Transcription errors were estimated from the nurses records for these 500 patients who were prescribed anticancer medications or premedication to be administered in the day care centre, direct observations were made during drug administration and administration errors analysed. Medical oncologists prescribing anticancer medications and nurses administering medications also participated. Results: A total of 500 patient observations were made and 41.6% medication errors were detected. Among the total observed errors, 114 (54.8%) were prescription errors, 51(24.5%) were transcribing errors and 43 (20.7%) were administration errors. The majority of the prescription errors were due to missing information (45.5%) and administration errors were mainly due to errors in drug reconstitution (55.8%). There were no life threatening events during the observation period since most of the errors were either intercepted before reaching the patient or were trivial. Conclusions: A high rate of potentially harmful medication errors were intercepted at the ambulatory day care unit of our regional cancer centre. Suggestions have been made to reduce errors in the future by adoption of computerised prescriptions and periodic sensitisation of the responsible health personnel.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.120-127
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• 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the type and frequency of chemotherapy-related prescribing errors and assess the pharmacist intervention in preventing potential harm. Methods: This study was performed in satellite pharmacy of oncology/hematology unit in tertiary teaching hospital from April to September, 2009. All chemotherapy prescribing errors detected by pharmacists were recorded. Frequency and characteristics of prescribing errors were analyzed. Pharmacists reviewed 28, 495 chemotherapy orders from 12,719 patients during 6-month periods. Results: A total of 835 prescription errors (2.93%) in 734 patients (5.77%) were detected by pharmacists. Alkylating agents (37.6%) followed by antimetabolite (23.35%), and mitotic inhibitors (21.44%) were the most prevalent classes in which errors occurs. The most common types of error detected were incorrect dose (34%), incorrect solution (33%), incorrect route (9%) and omission errors (8%). Changes in chemotherapy order due to pharmacists' intervention occurred in all error cases. Conclusion: Pharmacists' intervention in reviewing chemotherapy and drug orders intercepted potential harm due to prescribing errors. The current study provided strategies for reduction of medication errors.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.479-484
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• 2012

The objective of this study is to compensate the elastic recovery in the flexible forming process using the predictive models. The target shape was limited to two-dimensional shape having only one curvature radius in the longitudinal-direction. In order to predict the shape error the regression and neural network models were established based on the finite element (FE) simulations. A series of simulations were conducted considering input variables such as the elastic pad thickness, the thickness of plate, and the objective curvature radius. Then, at sampling points in the longitudinal-direction, the shape errors between formed and objective shapes could be calculated from the FE simulations as an output variable. These shape errors were expressed to a representative error value by the root mean square error (RMSE). To obtain the correct objective shape the die shape was adjusted by the closed-loop using the neural network model since the neural network model shows a higher capability of estimating the shape error than the regression model. Finally the experimental result shows that the formed shape almost agreed with the objective shape.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.51-68
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• 2012

Objective : This paper is aimed at suggesting further tasks by checking and rectifying the errors of the ancieut Chinese-vernacular Korean translations of Park Ji-won(朴趾源)'s "Kumryosocho". Method : In order to correct the wrongly transcribed "Kumryosocho" was contrasted with the original "Xiangzubiji(香祖筆記)", of which the part is "Kumryosocho". And then the errors and mistakes are discovered in published ancient Chinese-to-vernacular Korean translations. Result : In the course of checking the existing translations of "Kumryosocho", this paper identified the following types of errors. 1. Errors attributable to unfamiliar names of medicinal herbs 2. Errors due to the unfamiliarity with the names of diseases or symptoms in Traditional Koreau Medicine(TKM). 3. Errors committed in hand transcription. These types of errors were committed as well in translating jargons routinely used in TKM books. To the surprise, the errors above have been repeated even in the latest version of its translation. This means that the medicine-related materials by Silhak scholars, including "Kumryosocho", were placed at a dead zone of the research between Chinese classic scholars and TKM scholars. Conclusion : To minimize errors and mistakes, it is needed to activate the cooperative work of heterogeneous experts in two academic fields.

• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2001

The objective of this research is to develop a measurement error model for sculptured surface in On-Machine Measurement(OMM) process based on a closed-loop configuration. The geometric error model of each axis of a vertical CNC machining center is derived using a 4$\times$4 homogeneous transformation matrix. The ideal locations of a touch-type probe for the sculptured surface measurement are calculated from the parametric surface representation and X-, Y- directional geometric errors of the machine. Also the actual coordinates of the probe are calculated by considering the pre-travel variation of a probe and Z-directional geometric errors. Then, the step-by-sep measurement error analysis method is suggested based on a closed-loop configuration of the machining center including workpiece and probe errors. The simulation study shows the simplicity and effectiveness of the proposed error modeling strategy.

• Atmosphere
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.299-307
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• 2012

This study is aimed to validate errors for detected suspicious temperature data using various quality control procedures for 61 weather stations in the Republic of Korea. The quality control algorithms for temperature data consist of four main procedures (high-low extreme check, internal consistency check, temporal outlier check, and spatial outlier check). Errors of detected suspicious temperature data are judged by examining temperature data of nearby stations, surface weather charts, hourly temperature data, daily precipitation, and daily maximum wind direction. The number of detected errors in internal consistency check and spatial outlier check showed 4 days (3 stations) and 7 days (5 stations), respectively. Effective and objective methods for validation errors through this study will help to reduce manpower and time for conduct of quality management for temperature data.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.172-181
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• 1999

The objective of this research is to develop a measurement error model for sculptured surfaces in On-Machine Measurement (OMM) process based on a closed-loop configuration. The geometric error model of each axis of a vertical CNC Machining center is derived using a 4${\times}$4 homogeneous transformation matrix. The ideal locations of a touch-type probe for the scupltured surface measurement are calculated from the parametric surface representation and X-, Y- directional geometric errors of the machine. Also, the actual coordinates of the probe are calculated by considering the pre-travel variation of a probe and Z-directional geometric errors. Then, the step-by-step measurement error analysis method is suggested based on a closed-loop configuration of the machining center including workpiece and probe errors. The simulation study shows the simplicity and effectiveness of the proposed error modeling strategy.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2023

The objective of this study is to determine the concentrations of mixed gases by establishing a diagnosis method of a transformer using tunable-wavelength optical infrared sensors. Absorption of infrared light by methane, acetylene, and ethylene gases injected is measured from the outputs of the infrared sensors. Regression analysis equations of the gas concentrations are acquired from their respective measured absorption. The obtained concentrations are as follows: -3-9 % errors above 600 ppm(methane), 3 % errors above 1200 ppm(acetylene), and 10 % errors above 500 ppm(ethylene). The concentration inference equations obtained using the individual gases are applicable when the absorption wavelength bands do not overlap. The results of the fault analysis of a transformer using the Duval triangle method and the tunable infrared gas sensors are as follows: temperature faults with -1-1% errors and energy faults with -7-7 % errors.