• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.31-44
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• 2022

Power and status are core elements that distinguish social classes and strongly influence social interaction. Although they are the foundation of social influence, they have different origins (Fragale et al., 2011). While power usually is based on personal ability or legal, institutional legitimacy, status is rooted in voluntary support from other people. Hence, whereas people with power often demonstrate egoistic behavior, those with high status show relationship-based altruism (Hasty & Maner, 2020). People recognize the difference between the two and have stereotypical beliefs or expectations about the people's behavior with high power or status (Magee, 2009). The current research tested how the judgment on social exclusion, the unique social influence of power and status, changes depending on the actor's power and status. We constructed social exclusion scenarios in which we manipulated actors' power and status and asked participants to rate an actor's pain and behavioral fairness. Participants' ratings showed that the actor's fairness and pain would differ depending on the actor's power and status (Expt. 1), which is consistent with the stereotypes above. In particular, the significant effects of the actor's anonymity in the cases of low power and high status (Expts. 2A, 2B) provide further evidence for the proposal that status but not power originates from voluntary support from others.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.403-408
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• 1987

The milled rice yield of the fertilized Zeolite in the sandy loam as 542 Kg/10a was increased by 11% compared with the check plat as a standard cultivation. Significant positive correlations of that were found between grain yield/plant and panicle/total weight ratio or average weight of panicle, while lower correlations between ratio of riqened grains and grain yield/ plant. But significant negative correlations were found between 1,000-grain weight of rough and 4th. 5th internode/culm length ratio. It was reavealed that there were higher direct effects for ratio of ripened grains and spikelets/panicle affecting grain yield/plant through path analysis among the yield components. Moreover, organic dry matter production at 35 days after heading were heavier by 26% in active leaves, 19% in stem + leaf sheath, and 5% in panicle, respectively. Ratio of settled spikelets on the terminal of primary rachis-branch was 47% to total spikelets, and 37% in half-upper of that, moreover many spikelets settled on the terminal of rachis. Therefore, it was recognized that there were a dominant effect of apical glumous flower by fertilized Zeolite.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.102-114
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• 2022

Objectives: We investigated the effects of Allii Fistulosi Bulbus (AFB) on high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice and the regulation of energy metabolism in muscle tissues of mice. Methods: The C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks, male) were fed a HFD for 8 weeks and then administrated with AFB extract at 500 mg/kg (p.o.) once daily for 4 weeks. The body weight (BW), muscle weight, calorie intake, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and serum glucose, insulin, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured in mice. It was also observed the histological changes of pancreas, liver, and fat tissues with hematoxylin and eosin staining. It was investigated the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), Ser/Thr kinase (AKT), and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), and sirtuin1 (Sirt1) in gastrocnemius tissues by western blot, respectively. Results: The increases of BWs, calorie intakes and FBG levels in obesity mice were decreased significantly by the administration of AFB extract. The AFB extract administration was reduced significantly serum levels of glucose, insulin, and LDL-C in obesity mice. The AFB extract inhibited lipid accumulation in liver tissues, hyperplasia of pancreatic islets, and enlargement of fat tissues in obesity mice. The phosphorylation of IRS-1 and AKT was increased significantly in muscle tissues and AMPK phosphorylation and the GLUT4 and Sirt1 expression were decreased significantly in muscle tissues after the AFB administration. Conclusions: Our study indicates that AFB extract improves symptoms of obesity through regulation of energy regulating proteins in muscle tissues.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.85-95
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• 2023

Objectives : This study was intended to reveal the chemical profiles of aerial(leaf, stem) and underground(rhizome, radix) parts of wild ginseng, and to investigate their anti-aging effects on human skin cells. Methods : Wild ginseng, estimated for over 20 years, was divided into the aerial and underground parts. Total phenolic contents of each extracts were measured using a Folin-ciocalteu method. The contents of 18 amino acids, 8 minerals and 27 ginsenosides were determined by GC-FID, ICP-MS and LC-MS, respectively. The anti-aging effects, including the radical scavenging activity, the activation of mitochondrial function on human fibroblasts, and the proliferation activity on human keratinocyte progenitor cells, for the whole plant and underground part of wild ginseng were evaluated. Results : The total phenolic acids, amino acids, and minerals in the aerial part were more than twice as high as in the underground part. Compared to the cultivated ginseng root, there were various types of ginsenosides in both parts of wild ginseng, and the total amount was more than twice as high. In particular, the aerial part significantly contained ginsenoside F1, F2, C-Mc1, and C-O, and the distinctive patterns that distinguish each parts of wild ginseng from the cultivated ginseng root were derived. The whole plant and underground part of wild ginseng exhibited significant antioxidant effect(14.3-45.6%), activation of mitochondrial membrane potential(105.5-120.1%), and cell proliferation(112.1-125.4%). Conclusions : The entire plant and underground part of wild ginseng are high value-added plants and have beneficial effects on skin anti-aging properties through its abundant metabolites.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.137-150
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• 2010

Traditionally, like many people in mountain region of the Himalaya, the Lwang communities depend on mix of subsistence agriculture, animal husbandry, and seasonal migrant labor for their livelihoods. These traditional systems are characterized by low productivity, diverse use of available natural resources (largely for home consumption), limited markets, and some aversion for innovation. The potential to generate wealth through commerce has largely been untapped by these mountain residents and thus is undervalued in local and national economies. Introduction of organic tea farming is a part of Lwang community's several initiatives to break the vicious poverty cycle Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) played facilitating roles in all their efforts since beginning. In five years, the tea plantation emerged as a new means for secured a livelihood. This study aims to analyze the current practices in tea farming both in terms of farm management and soil nutrient status(technical) and the prosperity of the tea farmers (social). The technical aspect covers the soil and tea leaf analysis of various nutrients contents in the soil and tea leaf. Originally, the technical aspect of the study was not planned but later during the consultation with the advisor it was taken into consideration which added value to the research study. The sample were collected from different locations and analyzed on the field itself. The other part of the study i.e. the social aspect was done through questionnaire survey and focus group discussion. the tea farming provided them not only a new opportunity but also earned an identity in the region. This initiative was undertaken as a piloting measure. Now that the tea is in production with processing unit established locally, more serious consideration has to be given for better yield and economic prosperity. This research finding will help the community to analyze their efforts and make correction measures in tea garden management and application of fertilizer. It is also expected to fill up the gaps of knowledge and information required to reduce economic stresses and enhance capacity of farmers to make the tea farming a sustainable and beneficial business. The findings are expected to Sustainability of organic tea farming has direct impacts on biodiversity conservation compared to the other traditional farming practices that are more resource intensive. The study will also contribute to identify key action points required for reducing poverty while conserving environment and enhancing livelihoods

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to identify the growth and yield differences in rice cultural types: Broadcasting on flooded paddy surface(BF), drilling on flooded paddy surface(DF), puddled-soil drill seeding(PD), drill seeding on dried paddy flat(DD), and machine transplanting of lO-day old seedling(MT) at National Honam Agricultural Experiment Station in 1995. Among the cultural types of direct seeding, the number of seedling stand showed high in order of DD>BF>DF>PD. Tillering at early growth stage was faster in MT and effective tiller showed higher in MT than in direct seeding. Growth duration from seeding to heading was longer in direct seeding than in MT for 2-13 days of Dongjinbyeo and 10-18 days of Nonganbyeo. Root distribution ratio at the surface soil revealed high in order of BF>DF>PD>DD and MT. Culm wall thickness of 4th internode was thicker in machine transplanting of 10-day old seedling than in direct seeding, and the depth of buried culm showed deep by turns of MT> DD>PD>DF and BF. The height of center gravity and moment related to lodging revealed higher in direct seeding than machine transplanting that resulted high lodging index by turns of BF>DF>DD> PD among the direct seeding cultural type. Lodging was occured seriously in the order of BF>DF>PD>DD =MT in Dongjinbyeo but wasn't significantly different in Nonganbyeo among the cultural type. The yield components and grain yield showed varietal differences but was not significantly different between in MT and in direct seeding, and among cultural types of direct seeding.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2023

Nitrogen fertilizer is an essential macronutrient that requires repeated input for crop cultivation. Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers can adversely affect the environment by discharging NH₃, NO, and N₂O into the air and leaching into surrounding water systems through rainfall runoff. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a technology that reduces the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used without compromising crop yields. Fertilizer deep placement could be a technology employed to increase the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use. In this study, a deep fertilization device that can be coupled to a tractor and used to inject fertilizer into the soil was developed. The deep fertilization device consisted of a tractor attachment part, fertilizer amount control and supply part, and an underground fertilizer input part. The fertilization depth was designed to be adjustable from the soil surface down to a depth of 40 cm in the soil. This device injected fertilizer at a speed of 2,000 m²/hr to a depth of 25 to 30 cm through an underground fertilizer injection pipe while being attached to and towed by a 62-horsepower agricultural tractor. Furthermore, it had no difficulty in employing various fertilizers currently utilized in agricultural fields, and it operated well. It could also perform fertilization and plowing work, thereby further simplifying agricultural labor. In this study, a newly developed device was used to investigate the effects of deep fertilizer placement (FDP) compared to those with urea surface broadcasting, in terms of rice and soybean grain yields. FDP increased the number of rice grains, resulting in an average improvement of 9% in rice yields across three regions. It also increased the number of soybean pods, resulting in an average increase of 23% in soybean yields across the three regions. The results of this study suggest that the newly developed deep fertilization device can efficiently and rapidly inject fertilizer into the soil at depths of 25 to 30 cm. This fertilizer deep placement strategy will be an effective fertilizer application method used to increase rice and soybean yields, in addition to reducing nitrogen fertilizer use, under conventional rice and soybean cultivation conditions.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.54-62
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• 1994

The hydraulic properties of domestic natural clay/crushed rock mixture suggested as a candidate backfill material for the low and intermediate level waste repository were investigated. The dry density-water content relationship was studied to define an optimum water content that gives a maximum attainable dry density at constant compaction pressure. The hydraulic conductivities of clay/crushed rock mixture as a function of clay content were also measured. As the clay content decreased, the maximum attainable dry density increased and the optimum water content became more distinct. However the attainable density is not significantly sensitive to water content. The hydraulic conductivities of the mixture increased from 5 $\times$ 10$^{-12}$ m/s to 7 $\times$ 10$^{-10}$ m/s with clay content decreasing from 100 wt.% to 25 wt.% at dry density of 1.2 Mg/㎥. In case of dry density of 1.5 Mg/㎥, they maintain the lower values of 5 $\times$ 10$^{-12}$ m/s even at 25 wt.% clay content. The concept of effective clay dry density was suggested to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of the mixture. It was shown that the effective clay dry density concept can explain welt the hydraulic conductivities of the mixtures with various dry density and crushed rock content.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.845-852
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• 2018

Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier(2013) explain why big data is important for our life, while showing many cases in which analysis of big data has great significance for our life and raising intriguing issues on the analysis of big data. The two authors claim that correlation is in many ways practically far more efficient and versatile in the analysis of big data than causality. Moreover, they claim that causality could be abandoned since analysis and prediction founded on correlation must prevail. I critically examine the two authors' accounts of causality and correlation. First, I criticize that corelation is sufficient for our analysis of data and our prediction founded on the analysis. I point out their misunderstanding of the distinction between correlation and causality. I show that spurious correlation misleads our decision while analyzing Simpson paradox. Second, I criticize not only that causality is more inefficient in the analysis of big data than correlation, but also that there is no mathematical theory for causality. I introduce the mathematical theories of causality founded on structural equation theory, and show that causality has great significance for the analysis of big data.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.574-585
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• 2023

Sarcopenia is a leading cause of increased medical and nursing care costs among the elderly. In Korea, preventive measures for sarcopenia are mostly targeted toward the general elderly population without specific diseases. However, it is also necessary to implement measures for elderly individuals living in nursing homes and hospitals, where the prevalence of sarcopenia is high. Currently, computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging are considered standard diagnostic tools. However, their complexity and time-consuming nature make them unsuitable for clinical use. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms of sarcopenia are unclear, as they involve various molecular biological pathways, including decreased exercise, protein and nutrient intake, changes in testosterone and growth hormone, and inflammation. Sarcopenia symptoms can lead to several diseases, such as osteoporosis, fractures, dementia, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Vitamin B deficiency is a significant factor in sarcopenia induction, with B vitamins being directly involved in energy and protein metabolism and nerve function. Vitamin B deficiency can lead to neuromuscular and neurogenic disorders, which often overlap with sarcopenia. Suboptimal intake of B vitamins, malabsorption, and anorexia are common among the elderly. This study aims to provide information on the role of water-soluble B vitamins in preventing and controlling muscle mass loss and deterioration among the elderly with sarcopenia. In addition, we discuss the potential of myokines from the B vitamin family in modulating sarcopenia.