• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.3
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• pp.306-313
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• 2001

The objectives of this study were to understand the physiological responses and resistance of red pine trees to ozone exposure in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Potted one-year-old seedlings of Pinus densiflora S. et Z. were exposed in an open-top chamber(OTC) to ozone at concentration of 0.12ppm for 3 hours daily for eight weeks with or without N and P fertilization alone or in combination. The OTC had dimensions of 2.0m in height and 2.5m in diameter, and the air in a control chamber was filtered with activated charcoal to maintain the ozone concentration below 0.02ppm. After eight weeks of ozone exposure, none of the seedlings showed any symptoms of visible injury on leaves. The seedlings fertilized with N and P in a control chamber showed 22 to 95% increase in total dry weight, and similar fertilizer effect was also noticed in an ozone chamber. Ozone treatment did not decrease the total dry weight, but increased shoot/root ratio by 14.5%. Ozone treatment increased sucrose content in the leaves by 23%, but decreased sucrose content in roots by 20% regardless of N or P application. Starch content in the leaves was not affected by either ozone or fertilizer. However, starch content in the roots was decreased by 41% by ozone treatment. Chlorophyll content in the leaves was increased by 70% by N application, but was not affected by ozone treatment. Nitrogen and P fertilization stimulated net photosynthesis by 80% in a control chamber, but stimulatory effect of N and P on net photosynthesis was 22.3% less in an ozone chamber. Net photosynthesis of the seedlings with no fertilization was not affected by ozone treatment. Based on the observed interactions between N, P, and ozone, it was concluded that the stimulatory effect of fertilization on growth of Pinus densiflora would be decreased by ozone treatment, but fertilization would increase resistance to ozone by re-allocation of increased carbohydrates.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1982

During the two-years(1979 to 1980) fertilization trial on 4-year-old chestnut tree plantations, total insolation was diminished in 1980 because of unseasonable weather. In every fertilization treatment plot, especially in the NPK-fertilized plot with magnesium, growth of trees and yield of chestnuts have been increased significantly. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The growth in the NPK-fertilized plot with boron and magnesium was 20 percent higher than in plots fertilized with NPK alone. 2) Although there was some frost damage to trees on November 14, 1979, the 1979 weather was otherwise normal and daily insolation averaged 7 hours from June through september, The 1979 fertilization indices for chesnut yield were 167 for NPK with boron and 207 for NPK with magnesium, as compared with the base index of 100 for NPK alone. 3) In 1980, the second year of the fertilization trial, unseasonable weather decreased the average daily insolation from June through September to 3.8 hours. Under such conditions, the fertilization indices for chestnut yield were 620 for NPK with boron and 741 for NPK with magnesium, and Boron, as compared to the base index of 100 for NPK alone; i.e. the yields of plots treated with NPK and magnesium were 21 percent higher than for plots with NPK and boron and 7 times the yields for plots with NPK alone, But in the trial plot of NPK, yield of chestnut in 1980 decreased compared with 1979, 4) All test plots had natural magnesium levels lower than 0.8me/100gr., and the treatments with NPK and magnesium would have been less apparent on soils with higher magnesium level. The spectacular effects of treatment with NPK and magnesium during periods of low insolation may result from increased chlorophyll production and corresponding increases in active carbon assimilation, which should play an important role in carbohydrate formation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.4
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• pp.483-494
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• 2006

We conducted QTL mapping for 6-year growths of open-pollinated half-sib progenies from a selected clone 7-1037 in Pinus taeda. With an AFLP marker analysis on haploid DNA samples from the megagametophytes of the open-pollinated seeds, we constructed 20 framework maps spanning a total of 1,869 cM in total length and 18.5 cM in an average interval length between markers. Composite interval mapping reveals that one QTL explains 5.9% of the total phenotypic variation of height, and three QTLs account for 3.9~5.6% of the variation of diameter at breast height (DBH). There are no correlations between the QTLs. The genetic effects of the QTLs are 39.6 cm in height and 7.20~9.41 mm in DBH, respectively, The average effects of gene substitution of the markers closely linked with the QTLs are 44.3 cm in height and 8.38~11.81 m in DBH. Under an assumption that the within-family heritability for the growth traits of loblolly pine is less than 0.2, the QTLs account for 26.8% of the additive genetic variance of the progenies. In terms of relative selection efficiency, the individual selection based on QTL markers could be 5 times as high as phenotypic selection. The results in this study indicate that the QTL mapping method with open-pollinated half-sib family could be more practical and applicable to the conventional seed orchard-based selection work than other mapping methods with a single full-sib family, in particular from the viewpoint that it can provide crucial information for within-family individual selection such as breeding value.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.70 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1985

The experiment was conducted to test the effects of ectomycorrhizal inoculation and soil moisture regime on growth and nutrient uptake of Pinus rigida seedlings. Two-year-old seedlings inoculated with either Pisolithus tinctorius or Thelephora terrestris were used for this experiment. There were two moisture treatments and four phosphate treatment levels with three replications. Height and root collar diameter growth and dry weight increase were measured and nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in the tissue were analyzed three months after the initiation of phosphate and moisture regime treatment. Results are as follows; 1) Height growth of seedlings was not affected in all treatments. (mycorrhizae, fertility, moisture). 2) High moisture regime increased root collar diameter growth 2.7 times as large as low moisture regime. 3) In low moisture regime, net production increased 26% in seedlings inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius and increased 72% control seedlings. 4) In high moisture regime, net production of inoculated seedlings with Pisolithus tinctorius increased four times as much as that of control seedlings but increased $P_2O_5$ in fertility level did not affect net production. 5) In uptake of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium, Pisolithus tinctorius - inoculated seedlings increased uptake by 1.9, 1.8, and 1.5 times, respectively, as much as control seedlings. 6) Increase in $P_2O_5$ fertility level enhanced the uptake of $P_2O_5$ in Pisolithus tinctorius - inoculated seedlings, but not affected the uptake of $P_2O_5$ in control seedlings. 7) Increase in $P_2O_5$ fertility levels enhanced the uptake of $K_2O$ in Pisolirhus rinctorius - inoculated seedlings.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.722-728
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• 2012

Climate change affects all biological processes in terrestrial ecosystems including photosynthesis, plant growth and productivity. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of experimental warming on the growth of Quercus variabilis seedlings. One-year-old Q. variabilis seedlings were planted in control and warmed plots in April 2010. The air temperature of warmed plots was increased by $3^{\circ}C$ compared to control plots using the infrared lamp from November 2010. Shoot height and root collar diameter were measured in March 2011 and June 2012, respectively, and aboveground and belowground biomass were also measured in March 2011 and 2012, respectively. Shoot height and root collar diameter were significantly higher in warmed plots than in control plots, except for root collar diameter in March 2011. Increment (mm) of shoot height and root collar diameter were also higher in warmed plots ($529{\pm}30$, $5.6{\pm}0.5$) than in control plots ($464{\pm}28$, $4.5{\pm}0.4$). However, there were no significant differences between warmed and control plots except for root collar diameter. Increment (g/year) of total, aboveground and belowground biomass were higher in warmed plots ($36.88{\pm}6.52$, $11.91{\pm}3.44$, $24.97{\pm}3.73$) than in control plots ($30.59{\pm}5.51$, $8.73{\pm}1.66$, $21.86{\pm}3.88$), however, the differences were not statistically significant. Higher seedling growth and biomass of warmed plots might be related to the enhanced net photosynthetic rates in spring and the extended growing season.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2018

This study examined the effects of dietary processed pine needle tree powder (PPNP) on growth performance, visceral organ parameters, ileal digestibility, blood metabolites and ileal morphology of broiler chickens for 5-week after hatch. In total, 220 1-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 30 pens (seven birds per pen), and each pen was assigned to one of five dietary treatments, a diet without PPNP (control) and diets with 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% PPNP. The body weight and feed intake were measured weekly. One bird from each pen was selected randomly and gently euthanized to collect the blood, visceral organs and digesta samples on 2, 3 and 5 week of age. Birds fed 2.0% PPNP showed decreased (P<0.05) overall body weight, average daily gain and average daily feed intake compared to those fed control, 0.5 and 1.0% PPNP. The small intestine length increased (P<0.05) as the level of PPNP in the diet increased. A deeper crypt depth was observed (P<0.05) when birds fed 2.0% PPNP compared to those fed the control diet at week 2. A higher V:C ratio was observed (P<0.05) in birds fed 1.0% PPNP than in those fed other treatments at week 3. Ileal protein digestibility improved (P<0.05) when birds fed 0.5% and 1.0% PPNP compared to that in those fed the control diet at week 3. The feed conversion ratio, ileal dry matter digestibility and blood urea nitrogen and cholesterol, and gizzard and ceca weights were not affected (P>0.05) by supplementation of any levels of PPNP. These results demonstrated that inclusion of PPNP in broiler diets could be a possible factor in improving overall growth performance suggesting early gut development when 1% PPNP is supplemented.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.250-255
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• 1983

Newly manufactured compound fertilizers for chestnut trees developed by Chosun Fertilizer Inc. were tested to evaluate their effectiveness. An experiment was carried out in chestnut farm with 4 years old Eungi Var. from 1981 to 1982. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The growth of chestnut trees was generally good in plots of compound fertilizer contained boron (B C F). 2. The number of ripened strobiles was significantly increased by reducing the ratio of dropped strobiles in plot of B C F. 3. The yield of chestnut by B C F was markedly increased, 6 times more than that of compound fertilizer without boron. 4. Boron content in soil and plant by application of B C F was relatively high, resulting in high production of chestnut. 5. B C F was effective in chestnut orchard to increase nut production markedly.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.13-16
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• 1962

Without annual ring, the bamboo can not measured by ordinary mensuration method. Other methods yet tried failed to prove the reliability. That means, as often pointed out, that the bamboo lumbering (including forest management) is not free from being precarious. Noting the fact, this author performed a serieds of comparative observations on a group of bamboos in different stages of growth in order to find out if there is any surer mensurability. A conclusion has been reached that the external feature of joints of branch has close connection with the age of bamboo, that the joints of the third major branch counting from the ground have, as shown in the first table, the most probability, its mean being 94.3 per cent, and that those in ages of 3 to 5 have the probability of 100 per cent, showing the far greater accuracy as compared with those in older ages. The above conclusion needs to be adjusted with the following findings; 1) When observed disregarding the joint-tongue(the remainder of the preceeding year's sheath), the major branches show no better probability than the minor ones. 54 to 78 per cent of them shows no difference between them. Probability is averaged by 60 per cent. 2) When in spring the old sheaths drop away from the joints, the new ones sprout out in their places and consequently the joints present an appearance of a kind of joint-ring. But since this joint-ring does not always exactly represent the plant age, some other method must be sought after to count the age. This author noticed what is called "joint-tongue" the tongue-like part of triangle shape which remains at the base of the sheath of the fallen leaf. A fact was ascertained that when the number of the joint-ring coincides with that of the remaining joint-tongue, it exactly indicates the age of the plant.the plant.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.73-86
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• 1976

Two individuals ($sp_1$, $sp_2$) of purple and one individual ($sd_1$) of red hearted flower were selected from 18 years old Hibiscus syriacus trees obtained from the seeds treated with colchicine, and their morphological and physiological characteristics were investigated and following results were obtained. 1. The somatic chromosome number of the selected individuals, $sp_1$, $sp_2$, and $sd_1$ were 2n=160, while that of the check tree was 2n=80, indicating that the selected individuals, $sp_1$, $sp_2$ and $sd_1$ were tetraploid. 2. Peroxidase isoenzyme bands of high activity in selected individuals, $sp_1$, $sd_1$ and check tree were mostly in cathode, fixed band was f and v bands, and frequency of each band and their activity were not different between selected individuals, $sp_1$ and $sd_1$ and check tree. 3. The flowers of $sp_1$ individual were large in size and more dark purple than check tree's. The flowers of $sp_2$ individual were not increased in size, but they were dark purple and red heart at the base of the petal was expanded to 2/3 of the petal length. The flower of $sd_1$ individual was also large and some of the red lines from the petal base were extended to 2/3 of the petal length, which was much longer than those of the check tree. 4. Thickess of leaves, length of guard cells, diameter of pollens, wood fiber lengths and woody fiber widths were all increased in $sp_1$, $sp_2$ and $sd_1$ as compared to those of the check tree. 5. Survival percentage of cuttings was 80% with $sp_1$ and 36% with $sd_1$, and their growth performance were inferior to control in their second growing season.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2010

Law-protected trees are our precious asset as natural resources with history and tradition and natural heritage which should be protected and maintained well to bequeath next generation. Law-protected trees have not only thremmatologic and genetic meaning but also environmental and emotional meaning for their value to be high. This study investigated location, vitality, wrapping condition of root area and status of maintenance of the trees to figure out their growth environment and status of maintenance in a small-middle city through survey on those of law-protected trees in Je-cheon. There showed 300 more year old trees in Je-cheon mostly and the number of trees located in flat fields was the highest. For location type, village, hill and road types were presented in the order and for degree of development, land for building was found most frequently. The average electric resistance of the formative layer was measured to be $8.4k{\Omega}$ and four trees showed bark separation. Most law-protected trees underwent tree surgery, and complete bareness of root area was observed in a tree. The root area of two trees was covered with concrete. pH of soil was recorded to be 5.0~8.4 with its average of 7.1 and electric conductivity(EC) was less than 0.5 dS/m. For status of maintenance rearing facilities were placed for 16 trees out of totally 48 ones and stone fence was done for three ones. Tree surgery was conducted for 33 trees to prevent and to treat decomposed parts of holes. Direction boards were installed for 23 trees. Based on these results, measures to manage systematically law-protected trees in Jecheon could be suggested as follows. First, a sufficient space for growth of low part of trees should be secured. Second, a voluntary management should be induced by advertising them to residents in a community. Third, rearing facilities and direction boards of law-protected trees should be placed and related education should be conducted. Fourth, through operation of the department for law-protected trees consisting of related professions and cooperation among related departments the trees should be maintained continuously.