• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.156-161
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• 2023

Background: We analyzed association between viewing two-dimensional computed tomography (2D CT) images in addition to radiographs with radial head treatment recommendations after accounting for patient and surgeon factors in a survey-based experiment. Methods: One hundred and fifty-four surgeons reviewed 15 patient scenarios with terrible triad fracture dislocations of the elbow. Surgeons were randomized to view either radiographs only or radiographs and 2D CT images. The scenarios randomized patient age, hand dominance, and occupation. For each scenario, surgeons were asked if they would recommend fixation or arthroplasty of the radial head. Multi-level logistic regression analysis identified variables associated with radial head treatment recommendations. Results: Reviewing 2D CT images in addition to radiographs had no statistical association with treatment recommendations. A higher likelihood of recommending prosthetic arthroplasty was associated with older patient age, patient occupation not requiring manual labor, surgeon practice location in the United States, practicing for five years or less, and the subspecialties "trauma" and "shoulder and elbow." Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that in terrible triad injuries, the imaging appearance of radial head fractures has no measurable influence on treatment recommendations. Personal surgeon factors and patient demographic characteristics may have a larger role in surgical decision making. Level of evidence: Level III, therapeutic case-control study.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.406-412
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• 2007

The formation of inclusion complexes between ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin and diethylenetriamine substituted-pyridine copper(II) perchlorate; [Cu(dien)(sub-py)] $(ClO_4)_2$, were studied by spectrophotometric methods. On account of charge-transfer band(MLCT) and $^2T_2{\rightarrow}^2E$, the two high peaks were observed as an inclusion complex for the [${\beta}$-CD]$[Cu(dien)(p-Cl-py)]^{2+}$ in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. The ${\beta}$-CD and $[Cu(dien)(sub-py)]^{2+}$ ion formed a 1:1 complex, and the formation constants were decreased with the increasing temperatures, due to weak binding energy between ${\beta}$-CD and $[Cu(dien)(sub-py)]^{2+}$ ion. This reaction was controlled by enthalpy. In a correlation of the Hammett substituent constants and formation constants for the reaction, formation constants were increased by strong binding energy in the inclusion complexes when electron donating groups were substituted in pyridine ring.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.203-216
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• 1988

To delineate the mechanisms of vasoconstriction and vasodilation in cerebral arteries the effects of some vasoconstrictors and calcium antagonists on the basilar artery (BA) and arterial circle of Willis (WC) were examined and also the role of endothelium in the action of these drugs was investigated in pigs, cats and rabbits. In pig cerebral arteries, dose-dependent contractile responses were elicited by KCI, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and angiotensin, but norepinephrine (NE), phenylephrine (PE) and epinephrine (EP) elicited dose-dependent contractions only under pretreatment with propranolol 10-6 M. The magnitudes of maximal contractile effects of these drugs were different from each other, and 5-H~ was the largest and angiotensin the smallest. Some calcium antagonists dose-dependently inhibited KCI (35 mM)-induced contraction and the order of potency in inhibiting the contraction was nifedipine > > diltiazem > flunarizine > oxybutynin > isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) > glyceryl trinitrate. 5-HT (10-6 M)-induced contraction was dosedependently inhibited by nifedipine but slightly inhibited by diltiazem and ISDN. In rings with intact endothelium, KCI (35 mM)-induced contraction was not affected by acetylcholine (ACh) but $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ (lO-SM)-induced contraction was dose-dependently relaxed by ACh and adenosine. This endothelium-dependent relaxation was not affected by nifedipine (l0-6M)-pretreatment but markedly inhibited by methylene blue (50,uM)-pretreatment. In the porcine arterial rings without endothelium, ACh had no effect or even contracted the $PGF_{2{\alpha}}-induced$ contraction. However, the dosedependent relaxing effect of ACh appeared when the deendothelized porcine ring and rabbit thoracic aorta with intact endotheli urn were simultaneously suspended into a bath and this relaxing effect was also inhibited by methylene blue-pretreatment. In cat cerebral arteries, 5-HT and NE elicited dose-dependent contractile responses and ACh also produced dose-dependent contraction regardless of the existence of endothelium. ACh-induced contraction was most prominent. 5-HT (IO-SM)induced contraction was not relaxed but contracted additionally by ACh even in the intact endothelial ring. In rabbit cerebral arteries, 5-HT and NE elicited dose-dependent contractile responses and 5-HT-induced contraction was more prominent. In the intact endothelial preparations, 5-HT (lO-s M)-induced contraction was markedly relaxed by the addition of ACh( IO-SM) and this endothelium-dependent relaxing effect was inhibited by atropine (l0-7M)-pretreatment but notaffected by diltiazem (l0-6M)-pretreatment. These results suggest that ACh elicits endotheliumdependent relaxing effect mediated by muscarinic receptors in cerebral arteries of pig and rabbit, and that ACh acts as vasoconstrictor in cat cerebral artery.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

Background: Recent studies indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in persistent pain, including neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Since the data suggest that ROS are involved in central sensitization, the present study examines the levels of activated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the dorsal horn after an exogenous supply of three antioxidants in rats with chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP). This serves as an animal model of complex regional pain syndrome type-I induced by hindpaw ischemia/reperfusion injury. Methods: The application of tight-fitting O-rings for a period of three hours produced CPIP in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Allopurinol 4 mg/kg, allopurinol 40 mg/kg, superoxide dismutase (SOD) 4,000 U/kg, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) 10 mg/kg and SOD 4,000 U/kg plus L-NAME 10 mg/kg were administered intraperitoneally just after O-ring application and on the first and second days after reperfusion. Mechanical allodynia was measured, and activation of the NMDA receptor subunit 1 (pNR1) of the lumbar spinal cord (L4-L6) was analyzed by the Western blot three days after reperfusion. Results: Allopurinol reduced mechanical allodynia and attenuated the enhancement of spinal pNR1 expression in CPIP rats. SOD and L-NAME also blocked spinal pNR1 in accordance with the reduced mechanical allodynia in rats with CPIP. Conclusions: The present data suggest the contribution of superoxide, produced via xanthine oxidase, and the participation of superoxide and nitric oxide as a precursor of peroxynitrite in NMDA mediated central sensitization. Finally, the findings support a therapeutic potential for the manipulation of superoxide and nitric oxide in ischemia/reperfusion related pain conditions.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.196-201
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• 2006

Poly (ethylene glycol)-based diblock and triblock thermo- sensitive polyester copolymers were investigated for application on tissue engineering and injectable biomaterials in drug delivery system due to their nontoxicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. We synthesized the diblock copolymers consisting of methoxy poly (ethylene glycol) (MPEG) (Mn=750 g/mole) and poly $(\varepsilon-caprolactone)$ (PCL) by ring opening polymerization of $\varepsilon-CL$ with MPEG as an initiator in the presence of HCl $Et_2O$. The effect of diblock copolymers on in vivo osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCS) with and without the presence of osteogenic supplements (dexamethasone) was investigated. Thin sections were cut from paraffin embedded tissues and histological sections were stained by H&E, von Kossa, and immunohistochemical staining for osteocalcin. In conclusion, dexamethasone containing thermo- sensitive hydrogel might be improved osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. We expect the osteoinduction effect to be excellent when it uses stem cell or other osteogenic materials.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.687-695
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• 2010

Complexes of thiocyanato(L)cobaloximes where L is urea, acetamide, semicrabazide and formamide were synthesized and characterized. The reaction of thiocyanato (L) cobaloximes (SCNCo$(DH)_2$(L)) with benzyl (aquo) cobaloxime $PhCH_2Co(DH)_2(OH_2)$ was found to produce a series of thiocyanato bridged dicobaloximes of a general formula of $PhCH_2Co(DH)_2SCNCo(DH_2)(L)$. Evidence for formulation as dicobaloximes containing thiocyanato ligand bridges was obtained from infrared data which show $20-45cm^{-1}$ increase in vCN upon formation of the dicobaloxime from the corresponding terminal thiocyanocobaloxime (SCNCo$(DH)_2$(L)). Further characterization of these two series was done on the basis of ($^1H$,$^{13}C$)NMR, LCMS and elemental analysis. Anti-microbial activity of thiocyanato(L)cobaloximes and thiocyanato bridged dicobaloximes were screened against E. Coli. The DNA-binding behaviors of both monomers and dimers were investigated by spectroscopic methods and viscosity measurements. The results indicated that the dimer complexes bind with calf-thymus DNA in an intercalative mode via the terminal benzyl ring into the base pairs of DNA. It was observed that the monomer complexes did not interact with DNA. Fluorescence spectra for the interaction between thiocyanato bridged dicobaloximes and DNA were also studied.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.3243-3254
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• 2013

It is well known that increased incidences of lung, skin, and bladder cancers are associated with occupational exposure to PAHs. Animal studies show that certain PAHs also can affect the hematopoietic and immune systems and can produce reproductive, neurologic, and developmental effects. As a consequence, several studies have been attempted to investigate the fate of PAHs in atmospheric environment during the past decades. However, there is still a lack of information in regard to the atmospheric concentration of PAHs during the "Bon Fire Night". In this study, twenty-three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and twenty-eight aliphatics were identified and quantified in the $PM_{10}$ and vapour range in Birmingham ($27^{th}$ November 2001-$19^{th}$ January 2004). The measured concentrations of total particulate and vapour (P+V) PAHs were consistently higher at the BROS in both winter and summer. Arithmetic mean total (P+V) PAH concentrations were $51.04{\pm}47.62$ ng $m^{-3}$ and $22.30{\pm}19.18$ ng $m^{-3}$ at the Bristol Road Observatory Site (BROS) and Elms Road Observatory Site (EROS) respectively. In addition arithmetic mean total (P+V) B[a]P concentrations at the BROS were $0.47{\pm}0.39$ ng $m^{-3}$ which exceeded the EPAQS air quality standard of 0.25 ng $m^{-3}$. On the other hand, the arithmetic mean total (P+V) aliphatics were $81.80{\pm}69.58$ ng $m^{-3}$ and $48.00{\pm}35.38$ ng $m^{-3}$ at the BROS and EROS in that order. The lowest average of CPI and $C_{max}$ measured at the BROS supports the idea of traffic emissions being a principle source of SVOCs in an urban atmosphere. The annual trend of PAHs was investigated by using an independent t-test and oneway independent ANOVA analysis. Generally, there is no evidence of a significant decline of heavier MW PAHs from the two data sets, with only Ac, Fl, Ph, An, 2-MePh, 1+9-MePh, Fluo and B[b+j+k]F showing a statistically significant decline (p<0.05). A further attempt for statistical analysis had been conducted by dividing the data set into three groups (i.e. 2000, 2001-2002 and 2003-2004). For lighter MW compounds a significant level of decline was observed by using one-way independent ANOVA analysis. Since the annual mean of $O_3$ measured in Birmingham City Centre from 2001 to 2004 increased significantly (p<0.05), it may be possible to attribute the annul reduction of more volatile PAHs to the enhanced level of annual average $O_3$. By contrast, the heavier MW PAHs measured at the BROS did not show any significant annual reduction, implying the difficulties of 5- and 6-ring PAHs to be subject to photochemical decomposition. The deviation of SVOCs profile measured at the EROS was visually confirmed during the "Bonfire Night" festival closest to the $6^{th}$ November 2003. In this study, the atmospheric PAH concentrations were generally elevated on this day with concentrations of Fl, Ac, B[a]A, B[b+j+k]F, Ind and B[g,h,i]P being particularly high.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.565-574
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• 1985

The rates of reaction between 4-substituted-2,6-dinitrochlorobenzenes with para-substituted anilines in methanol-acetonitrile mixtures were measured by conductometry. It was observed that the rate constant increases in the order of X = 4-$NO_2 {\gg}4-CN {\gg}4- CF_3$, where X is a substituent in the substrate. The rate constant also increases in the order of Y = p-O$CH_3{\gg}p- CH_3{\gg}H {\gg}p-Cl{\gg}m- NO_2$, where Y is a substituent in the aniline ring. Kinetic studies in the methanol-acetonitrile solvent system with various nucleophiles showed that the N-C bond forming step is making a great contribution to the overall second order rate constant. The electrophilic catalysis by methanol probably consists of the hydrogen bonding between alcoholic hydrogen and leaving chloride in the transition state. The nucleophilic catalysis by methanol may be ascribed to the formation of hydrogen bonds between alcoholic oxygen and hydrogens of amines in the transition state. All these experimental facts are supporting the operation of $S_N$Ar machanism with the second step being the rate determining. This mechanism can be successfully fitted to the PES model.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.105-111
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• 1993

The stability constants for lanthanides complexes with optically active L-proline (1 : 1) were determined in aqueous solution in the ionic medium of 0.1 M $NaClO_4$ at 25$^{\circ}C$ using a pH titration method. The results show called "gadolinium break" between lighter and heavier lanthanides. The linear relation between the stability constant (log$\beta$1) and the pKa values of ligands indicates that L-proline acts as a bidentate ligand in the complexation. The thermodynamic parameters (${\Delta}H$ and ${\Delta}S$) were also determined using an enthalpy titration method at the same condition. The positive endothermic enthalpy change and positive entropy change clearly indicate that the driving force for the complexation is an entropy effect. The comparison of the thermodynamic parameters of L-proline complexes with anthranilate complexes supports the conclusion that the heterocyclic nitrogen atom and carboxylate of L-proline are involved in the chleate formation. The enthalpy values for L-proline are more positive than the ones for anthranilate complex. The difference in enthalpy change for the complex formation between L-proline complex and anthranilate complex is explained in terms of the basicity of the nitrogen donor atom in the ligand. The relatively large entropy change may be described by the extra dehydration related to the rigidity of L-proline ring.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.940-945
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• 1995

The SS-epm(N,N '-bis-[2(S)-pyrrolidinylmethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine) ligand having stereospecificity has been prepared and reacted with $CoCl_2{\cdot}6H_2O$ or trans-$[Co(pyridine)_4Cl_2]Cl.$ The resultants are green crystals, both of which are identified to be trans-$[Co(SS-epm)Cl_2]_2(COCl_4)$ by elemental analysis and absorption spectra. CD spectrum of trans complex shows negative (-) cotton effect at long wavelength due to the vicinal effect of the stereospecifically chelated ligands. The conformation of SS-epm in trans complex is ${\delta}{\lambda}{\delta}$(SRRS) for each of the five membered chelated ring. $Co(II)Cl_4^{2-}$ as counter ion plays an importance role in the ionic association of the formation of trans complex with SS-epm. Furthermore, according to orientation of secondary amine, total strain energy on each isomers was calculated by molecular mechanics (MM) to verify structural characterization and spectral data.