• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.428-432
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated that consumers could differentiate between levels of claims and clarify how a visual aid influences consumer understanding of the different claim levels. We interviewed 2,000 consumers in 13 shopping malls on their perception of and confidence in different levels of health claims using seven point scales. The average confidence scores given by participants were 4.17 for the probable level and 4.07 for the possible level; the score for the probable level was significantly higher than that for the possible level (P < 0.05). Scores for confidence in claims after reading labels with and without a visual aid were 5.27 and 4.43, respectively; the score for labeling with a visual aid was significantly higher than for labeling without a visual aid (P < 0.01). Our results provide compelling evidence that providing health claims with qualifying language differentiating levels of scientific evidence can help consumers understand the strength of scientific evidence behind those claims. Moreover, when a visual aid was included, consumers perceived the scientific levels more clearly and had greater confidence in their meanings than when a visual aid was not included. Although this result suggests that consumers react differently to different claim levels, it is not yet clear whether consumers understand the variations in the degree of scientific support.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.361-373
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between stress levels and eating habits in adolescents. Methods: A total of 453 male and female high school students were surveyed to ascertain their stress levels, Nutrition Quotients for Korean Adolescents (NQ-A), and stress-related eating behavior. Results: The average age of the subjects was 18 and they were mostly from nuclear families. Their average daily conversation time with their parents was between 10 to 30 minutes. The average sleep time for female students was observed to be less than that of male students. The satisfaction level of academic achievement of female students was significantly lower than that of the male students (P < 0.001). The average stress level score for female students was 2.7 out of 5, which was significantly higher than the male student's score of 2.4 (P < 0.001). The eating speed of male students was related to stress levels. Both male and female students ate more and craved spicy food when under stress. All male and female students had significantly ascending NQ-A scores rising in the order of stress from 'low level' to 'medium level', to 'high level' (P < 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between the stress score and the NQ-A score adjusted for general characteristics (r = -0.29, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Since stress and NQ-A were negatively correlated in high school students, higher stress levels can be associated with irregular eating habits and negative eating behavior. Therefore, stress management and nutrition education focusing on stress status are needed for adolescents.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.565-575
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• 2019

Objectives: In this study, both subjective and objective levels of oral health were used to identify the relationship between oral health inequalities. Methods: Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey data from 2013 to 2015 were combined to create an analysis plan. Oral health questions categorized as subjective oral health conditions and oral health-related diseases used dental tissue disease status as data measured by the Community Periodical Index(CPI) and decayed, missing, filled teeth(DMFT) experience. Other data on oral health behaviors such as toothache experience, the frequency of toothbrush use, chewing problems, oral examination status, and unmet dental care needs were classified and analyzed according to the socioeconomic level. Data were analyzed using frequency and cross analyses, and the statistical significance level was set at 0.05. Results: It was found that higher the economic and educational level, better was the subjective oral health, lower the CPI, lower the experience of toothache, higher the frequency of toothbrush use, lower the number of people having chewing problems, and higher the frequency of oral checkups. Conclusions: Oral health inequality exists among social classes. It is suggested that continuous research and efforts be carried out to promote oral health while considering socioeconomic and educational levels. Further, active government efforts will be needed to address polarization by social class.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 1991

Supplementation of iodine at the level of 3.5mg/kg reduced weight gain of the rats fed rapeseed oil meal (ROM) diets. Treatment of ROM with ammonia at the level of 2 or 4% tended to increase metabolizable energy value and availability of dry matter, crude protein and crude ash of ROM in the chicken. Potential goitrin level of ROM was reduced by ammoniation at 6% level, while the level of potential isothiocyanates was increased by ammoniation. Treatment of ROM with ammonia at the level of 3% and above reduced weight gain of the chickens fed treated ROMs. Weight of thyroid glands of the birds increased as the level of ammoniation of ROM increased. Supplementation of Avoparcin to the diets containing ROM improved weight gain and dressing percentage of the broiler chickens.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.16 no.1112
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• pp.349-353
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• 1980

To make a survey on present nutritioal level of dairy cattle (Holstein) which are fed in Jeonbug Province, The examination of their blood and chemical values were carried out. The results summarized were as follows: 1. WBC counts were $8.49{\pm}1.73(

• 한국생활과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.167-168
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• 2009

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.371-381
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the overall dietary habits and nutritional status of 294 elementary school students located in Gwangju using the NUTRILITE nutrition quotient (NQ). The NQ score of the subjects was 59.5 out of 100, which corresponds to the level requiring "monitoring". Compared to the 64.4 score of students in the 5^th and 6^th grades of six metropolitan cities, the scores of the present subjects were lower. The NQ components were 57.4 for balance factors, 52.4 for moderation factors, 55.0 for diversification factors, 57.6 for practice factors, and 80.1 for environmental factors. Regarding the characteristics according to the NQ level, the score (61.5 in 7 times/wk vs. 55.3 in 1-2 or none times/wk) tended to be higher in subjects who frequently eat with their families (p<0.001). In conclusion, nutrition education should be provided to students to increase the frequency of meals with their families, to develop a habit of exercising regularly, and reduce the consumption of ramen, cookies, and processed drinks that are frequently consumed. These results can be used as basic data to develop nutrition education programs to improve the dietary habits and nutritional status of students in Gwangju.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 2007

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in adiponectin gene has been associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study was performed to investigate the association of SNP 276G${\rightarrow}$T at adiponectin gene with CVD risk factors in Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. The subjects were 351 type 2 DM patients visited a DM clinic in Seoul, and the patients with known CVD were excluded. The adiponectin SNP 276G${\rightarrow}$T was analyzed and dietary intakes were assessed by a Food Frequency Questionnaire. The prevalence of G/G, G/T, and T/T genotype was 47.6%, 43.3%, and 9.1%, respectively. Male subjects with T/T genotype showed significantly lower level of adiponectin and HDL-cholesterol and significantly higher C-reactive protein (CRP) level compared to G/G and G/T genotypes. In G/G genotype, protein intake was negatively correlated to body weight, BMI, and waist circumference, and there were positive correlation between carbohydrate intake and BMI, waist-hip ratio, and ApoB/apoA-1 ratio in G/T genotype. However, in T/T genotype, there was no significant association between macronutrient intakes and anthropometric and hematological values. In conclusion, CVD risk would be high in type 2 DM patients with T/T genotype, and the association of macronutrient intakes with anthropometric and hematologic factors was different among the three adiponectin genotypes. These results may imply the need for different dietary management regime according to adiponectin genotype to lower CVD complications in Korean type 2 DM patients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.598-603
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• 2002

While the sequencing of several genomes was underway, several advanced techniques in genetics, molecular biology and protein chemistry emerged. Within the notritional sciences, while the focus on nutrition education, epidemiology and public health aspects remains essential; it is crucial to incorporate the new advances in gene and protein discovery in nutritional studies. Nutrition is a discipline that has always integrated social, biochemical and physiological sciences from the studies at the molecule level to studies at the population level. for this reason, nutritionists are in a prime position to readily incorporate the current genomics approaches in nutrition research. All the available analytical techniques can and should be used in modem nutritional sciences. These include genetics, genomics, proteomics and metabolomics which also require integration and use of bioinformatics and computational methods for data analysis and management. These applications will be briefly reviewed with a primary focus on what the genomics and genetics approaches offer to nutritionists. We will use one of our research focus areas to illustrate uses of some of these applications in obesity-hypertension research. Our central hypothesis is that adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that plays a major role in obesity and related hypertension. We are primarily studying the renin angiotensin system (RAS). We provide evidence from our own studies and others for the paracrine as well as endocrine role of adipocyte-derived angiotensin II in adipocyte gene expression, adiposity and blood pressure regulation. Both cell culture studies as well as knockout and transgenic mice models are used to test our hypothesis. Genomics and proteomics technologies are currently developed to complement our physiological and molecular studies on the RAS and for a fine analysis of this system and its function in health and disease.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 1996

In an attempt to recycle as feed or fertilizer, broiler litter containing rice hull was manually composted under the control of peak temperature of piles(uncontrolled or controlled below $70^{\circ}C$ or below $60^{\circ}C$) in each of three $1.0\;{\times}\;1.0\;{\times}\;1.2m$ dimensional facilities. Changes of nutritional and microbiological parameters were evaluated throughout the 8 weeks of processing period. The initial content of crude protein(29.6%) decreased to 17.8% after 8 weeks of composting. The rapid nitrogen(N) loss observed in the early phase was attributed mainly to non-protein-N(NPN) loss. The initial content of ash(19.1%) increased to $26{\sim}29%$ after 8 weeks. For toxic heavy metals, Cr, Pb, and Hg contents of final composts were far less than the maximum tolerance levels allowed in food or compost. Bacterial growth was rather depressed until the second week, increased thereafter, and reached to peak($10^{12}cfu$ level) at the 4th week of composting. With composting, actinomycetes were active at the level of $10^7\;to\;10^9$. Fungi were active during the first to third week of composting. In general, control of pile temperature below $70^{\circ}C$ did not remarkably alter the nutritional and microbiological parameters of broiler litter compost, compared to that of pile temperature below $60^{\circ}C$. Further researches on prevention from the rapid loss of NPN in the early phase of composting are required for more effective recycling of broiler litter.