• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.357-365
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• 2011

본 연구는 국립수산과학원의 국가해양환경측정망 자료를 이용하여 2001년부터 2010년까지 년 4회 군산연안의 10개 정점에서의 용존성무기영양염류의 조사시기별 및 정점별 변동을 분석하였다. 용존성무기질소(DIN)의 연도별 평균값은 표층과 저층 모두 비슷한 농도 분포를 보였는데, 10년간 표층 평균은 0.421mg/L(0.198~0.846mg/L)였고, 저층 평균은 0.344mg/L(0.148~0.717mg/L)였다. 연도별 평균값은 표층에서 2002년 0.846mg/L로 가장 높았고 그 이후 차차 낮아지는 경향을 보여 2010년 0.198mg/L로 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, 저층도 유사한 경향을 보였다. 군산연안의 10개 정점에서의 DIN의 10년간 평균의 암모니아질소, 아질산질소 및 질산질소의 비율은 각각 27%, 3% 및 70%정도로서 대부분 질산질소였으며, 표 저층간의 차이도 거의 없었다. 용존성무기인(DIP)의 연 평균값은 2002년 저층에서 0.085mg/L로 높은 값을 보인 것을 제외하고는 표 저층간의 농도 차이는 거의 없었으며, 표층에서 10년 평균이 0.024mg/L 였으나, 2008년 0.021mg/L, 2009년 0.007mg/L, 2010년 0.008mg/L로 농도가 급격히 낮아졌다. 2002년부터 2010년까지 DIN/DIP 농도비를 비교한 결과 표층에서 평균 6.0(3.2~10.1), 저층에서 평균 4.6(2.6~7.0)으로서 2002년을 제외하고는 연도별 및 표 저층 간에 큰 차이는 없었다. 2004년부터 조사된 용존성무기규소는 7년 평균이 표층에서 0.372mg/L, 저층에서 0.352mg/L로 표 저층간에 차이가 거의 없었으며, 표층에서 2005년 평균 0.552mg/L, 2006년 평균 0.575mg/L의 값을 보인 후, 지속적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 2009년에는 0.130mg/L로 최소값을 보였다. 전체적으로 염분과 용존성무기영양염류와의 10년간 상관관계는 표층에서 용존성무기질소는 -0.72, 용존성무기인은 -0.46, 용존성무기규소는 -0.63 이었으며, 저층은 용존성무기질소는 -0.70, 용존성무기인은 -0.44, 용존성무기규소는 -0.57로서, 군산 연안의 용존성무기영양염류은 금강으로 부터의 담수유입에 의한 영향이 크게 나타났으며, 특히 금강을 통해 용존성무기질소가 많이 유입되는 것으로 나타났다. 용존성무기영양염류는 군산시에 가까운 정점 1, 2, 3에서 높은 값을 보였는데, 이는 금강과 군산시의 영향으로 생각된다. 조사 시기에 따른 농도 변화는 크지 않았으나, 연도별 평균값을 보면 2001년부터 용존성무기영양염류의 농도가 점차 감소하는 경향을 보여, 이에 대한 지속적인 모니터링과 그 원인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.550-555
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• 2008

This study was conducted to assess the growth characteristics of phytoplankton and to understand seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in response to limiting nutrients in an agricultural reservoir from November 2002 to December 2003. Marked increase of chl.a concentration observed in July ($99.0{\mu}g/L$) and November ($109.7{\mu}g/L$) after heavy rainfall. TP concentration ranged $48.0{\sim}126.6{\mu}g/L$, and its the temporal variation was similar to that of chl.a concentration. Microcystis spp., dominant phytoplankton species were used for the growth kinetics experiment, except for the season when Aulacoseira spp. (March, April) and Aphanocapsa sp. (May) dominated. In the temperature range between $10{\sim}25^{\circ}C$, the rate of growth increase per $10^{\circ}C$ was almost two folds. The highest maximum growth rate (${\mu}_{max}=1.09day^{-1}$) of phytoplankton observed September, and ${\mu}_{max}$ was lowest ($0.34day^{-1}$) in March when Aulacoseira spp. dominated. The ${\mu}_{max}$ ($0.78{\pm}0.20day^{-1}$) was relatively high in the summer season when water temperature is above $20^{\circ}C$ and cyanobacteria dominated compared to the spring when diatoms dominated ($0.43{\pm}0.08day^{-1}$). The maximum growth rate ($0.55{\pm}0.12day^{-1}$) and the half saturation concentration ($K_s=0.73{\pm}0.15{\mu}M$) of cyanobacteria during winter season (November, December) was higher than those of diatoms. However, the ${\mu}_{max}$ and $K_s$ of cyanobacteria in December was similar to those of diatom, reflecting that diatom cell quota (Mean 48.4 pgP/cell) was greater than cyanobacteria (34.0 pgP/cell) during this time.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.93-98
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• 2004

상수리나무 가지의 분해율과 분해과정에 따른 영양염류의 변화를 33개월 동안 조사하였다. 33개월 경과 후 가지 의 잔존률은 B₁(직경＜1㎝), B₂(1㎝≤직경＜2㎝), B₃(3㎝≤직경＜4㎝)가 각각 44.5%, 58.5%, 55.3% 이었다. B₁, B₂, B₃의 분해 상수는 각각 0.294/yr, 0.195 /yr, 0.215/yr 이었다. 분해 과정에 따른 질소 함량은 모든 직경급에서 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 33개월 경과 후 질소 잔존률은 B₁, B₂, B₃가 각각 101.2%, 91.9%, 104.4% 이었다. 인 함량은 B₁과 B₂에서 분해가 진행됨에 따라 초기 함량보다 증가하였고, 분해 과정중 인의 부동화 기간은 없었으며, 33개월 경과 후 인 잔존률은 B₁, B₂, B₃가 각각 57.2%, 74.4%, 53.9%이었다. 칼륨 함량은 분해가 진행됨에 따라 초기 값보다 현저하게 감소하였으며, 33 개월 경과 후 잔존률은 B₁, B₂, B₃가 각각 7.7%, 17.1%, 17.2%로 다른 영양염류에 비해 낮았다. 칼슘 함량은 B₁을 제외하고 분해 기간동안 그 값이 증가하였으며, 33개월 경과 후 잔존률은 B₁, B₂, B₃가 각각 58.5%, 47.8%, 75.2%이었다. 마그네슘은 가지의 직경이 작을수록 초기 함량이 높았으며, 33 개월 경과 후 잔존률은 B₁, B₂, B₃에서 각각 44.3%, 57.9%, 47.7%이었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.146-149
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• 1983

사골(四骨) 용출액중(溶出液中) 영양성분 특히 칼슘, 인, 질소성분의 용출량을 증가시키기 위한 기초연구로써 우선 산과 알카리 처리효과를 검토하였다. 산 처리로는 acetic acid를 0~0.8%까지, 알카리 처리로는 sodium bicarbonate를 0~0.05%까지 수준별로 처리하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 산 처리의 경우 칼슘은 acetic acid 농도가 증가될수록 용출량도 유의적으로 증가되었으며 특히 acetic acid 농도가 0.1% 이상일 때 유의적 증가를 보였으며 인은 0.3% 일 때 용출량이 급격히 증가되었다. Ca/P 비(比)는 acetic acid 농도가 0.01%까지는 1~2를 나타냈지만 그 이상의 모든 처리에서는 2 이상을 나타냈다. ${\alpha}$-amino N과 총 질소는 모두 acetic acid농도가 0.5% 이상일 때 유의적 증가를 보였다. 알카리 처리의 경우는 칼슘, 인, 총 질소는 모든 처리에서 유의적 증가를 나타내지 않았지만 ${\alpha}$-amino N은 sodium bicarbonate 농도가 0.05% 일 때 무처리(無處理)에 비해 유의적 증가를 보였다. (P<0.05) 이상의 결과에서 산 처리에 의해 영양성분의 용출은 현저히 증가되었으나 알카리 처리에 의해서는 크게 증가되지 못했다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.856-864
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• 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate effects of mixed organic acids (MOA) on nutrient digestibility, volatile fatty acids composition and intestinal microbiota in growing-finishing pigs fed high wheat bran diet. Methods: Six crossbred barrows ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$), with an average body weight $78.8{\pm}4.21kg$, fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum, were allotted to a double $3{\times}3$ Latin square design with 3 periods and 3 diets. Each period consisted of a 5-d adjustment period followed by a 2-d total collection of feces and then a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The dietary treatments included a corn-soybean-wheat bran basal diet (CTR), mixed organic acid 1 diet (MOA1; CTR+3,000 mg/kg OA1), mixed organic acid 2 diet (MOA2; CTR+2,000 mg/kg OA2). Results: Pigs fed MOA (MOA1 or MOA2) showed improved (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy, dry matter and organic matter, and pigs fed MOA2 had increased (p<0.05) ATTD of neutral detergent fiber compared to CTR. Dietary MOA supplementation decreased (p<0.05) pH value, and improved (p<0.01) concentrations of lactic acid and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) in ileum compared to CTR. Pigs fed MOA showed higher (p<0.05) concentration of acetic acid, and lower (p<0.05) content of formic acid in feces compared to CTR. Pigs fed MOA1 had increased (p<0.05) concentration of TVFA and butyric acid in feces. Pigs fed MOA1 showed higher concentration of Lactobacillus and lower concentration of Escherichia in feces compared to CTR. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of MOA 1 or 2 could improve nutrients digestibility, TVFA concentration and intestinal flora in growing-finishing pigs fed high fiber diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.38-44
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• 2004

Food irradiation has been steadily increased in many countries concomitantly with increasing international trades and concerns about naturally occurring harmful contaminants of food. Although, irradiation provides an excellent safeguard for the consumer by destroying harmful bacteria, it would be necessary to investigate nutritional adequacy of irradiated foods with a special emphasis on such foods as red pepper powders, cold-water fishes (mackerel), sesame seeds that are widely consumed in Korea. These food items are of special concern due to the fact that most of them are imported and that several nutrients contained in them are sensitively reacting to irradiation. We observed changes in the antioxidant nutrients contents, such as vitamin A, $\beta$-carotene, vitamin C and total phenol, and also vitamin B$_1$ in the foods that were irradiated at different dose levels. The nutrients contents in red pepper were respectively 98.6% and 92.3％ for total phenol, and 97.8% and 94.5% for $\beta$-carotene, right after irradiation at the dose of 10 and 20 kGy. The vitamin C contents decreased with irradiation doses up to 76.4% (10 kGy) and 68.5% (20 kGy) and B$_1$ contents decreased to 54.9% and 80.7% of non irradiated red pepper. When the mackerel was irradiated at the applied dose of 3 and 7 kGy, total phenol concentration of the irradiated fish was respectively 91.3% and 94.2% of non irradiated fish. The amounts of vitamin A were 82.6% (3 kGy) and 78.0% (7 kGy) of unirradiated sample and vitamin B$_1$ contents reduced to 30.5% and 51.5%. $\alpha$-Tocopherol content was 33.9% of the non-irradiated one when it was irradiated at 7 kGy. Vitamin A and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol contents in sesame seeds linearly decreased with the applied doses (5 and 10 kGy) Vitamin A contents decreased up to 87.8% (5 kGy) and 82.9% (10 kGy) and that of ${\gamma}$-tocopherol were 72.4% and 66.5% of the unirradiated sample.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.77-88
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• 1992

Distribution patterns of the chemical species, contained or dissolved in the sediments and porewater, were studied from the submarine environments around Deok-Jeok Island, Yellow Sea. The sediments in the study area are predominantly composed of medium to coarse sands, and consequently of very low organic carbon (0.003%) -0.26%o dry weight sediments). As opposed to the strong enrichment of porewater with nutrients and heavy metals in the ordinarily muddy, organic-rich sediillents, the porewater enrichment is not intense in this sandy, organic-poor sediments: porewater phosphate is enriched to the maximum of only seven (average two) times over that in the bottom water. Concentrations of the heavy metals dissolved in porewater show a bit greater enrichment than the nutrient: Zn shows the lowest enrichment (7 times that of the bottom water) and Mn the highest (450 times that of the bottom water). However, these enrichments of the chemical species in porewater are the natural consequences of decomposition of the organic matter in sediments, and still fall short in the magnitude of those in the muddy, organic-rich sediments. Mining of the sands in the study area may pose a threat to the seawater quality as it causes a large scale porewater discharge to the bottom water. The additional supply of the nutrients by this discharge may develop an eutrophic state and, in consequence, an excessive nitrification of the water column. Since the residence times of the nutrients are much longer than those of the heavy metals, a long-term monitoring of the concentration changes in the porewater nutrients is very important to assess the potential deterioration of the seawater associated with the sand mining in the study area.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.55-68
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• 2011

The distribution and inter-annual variation of nutrients (N, P, Si) and dissolved/particulate organic carbon were investigated in the equatorial thermocline ridge ($7^{\circ}{\sim}11.5^{\circ}N$, $131.5^{\circ}W$) of the northeast Pacific. From the Oceanic Nino Index and Multivariate ENSO Index provided by NOAA, normal condition was observed in July 2003 and August 2005 on the aspect of global climate/ocean change. However, La Ni$\~{n}$a and El Ni$\~{n}$o episodes occurred in July 2007 and August 2009, respectively. Thermocline ridge in the study area was located at $9^{\circ}N$ in July 2003, $8^{\circ}N$ in August 2005, $10^{\circ}N$ in July 2007, and $10.5^{\circ}N$ in August 2009 under the influence of global climate/ocean change and surface current system (North Equatorial Counter Current and North Equatorial Current) of the northeast Pacific. Maximum depth integrated values (DIV) of nutrients in the upper layer (0~100 m depth range) were shown in July 2007 (mean 21.12 gN/$m^2$, 4.27 gP/$m^2$, 33.72 gSi/$m^2$) and higher variability of DIV in the equatorial thermocline ridge was observed at $10^{\circ}N$ during the study periods. Also, maximum concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the upper 50 m depth layer was observed in July 2007 (mean $107.48{\pm}14.58\;{\mu}M$), and particulate organic carbon (POC, mean $9.42{\pm}3.02\;{\mu}M$) was similar to that of DOC. Nutrient concentration in the surface layer increased with effect of upwelling phenomenon in the equatorial thermocline ridge and La Ni$\~{n}$a episode, which had formed in the central Pacific. This process also resulted in the increasing of organic carbon concentration (DOC and POC) in the surface layer. From these results, it is suggested that spatial and temporal variation of chemical and biological factors were generated by physical processes in the equatorial thermocline ridge.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 1996년도 한국생물과학협회 국제학술대회
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• pp.124.1-124
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• 1996

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1625-1633
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• 2003

This study was conducted to observe effects of dietary acidogenicity value (AV) on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrients digestibility. The AV of feedstuffs was based on the dissolution of Ca from $CaCO_3$ powder added at the end of a 24 h in vitro fermentation. Three diets were formulated to be iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous with different AV. Two experiments were involved in this study. In experiment 1, it appears that pH, $NH_3-N$ concentration and A:P ratio tended to decrease, but gas production, VFA production and DM disappearance tended to increase with increasing dietary AV. In experiment 2, the rumen pH tended to decrease in order of high AV>medium AV>low AV treatment, respectively. There were no significant effects of dietary AV on $NH_3-N$ concentration, enzyme activity and nutrient digestibility. In addition, total VFA and individual VFA concentrations tended to increase with increasing dietary AV without significance. In fact, we hypothesized that different dietary AV would affect rumen fermentation and nutrients digestibility because dietary AV was adjusted with fermentable carbohydrate sources. The present results indicate that differences in dietary AV between treatments were too small to affect rumen fermentation and its effects were minimal.