• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2015

To examine the relationship between competition and environmental factors, the germlings of Ascophyllum nodosum (L) Le Jolis and Fucus vesiculosus L. were cultured in monocultures and mixtures of the two species under two different exposure and nutrient levels. Both intra- and inter-specific competition were examined in comparison of the mortality and growth of germlings in monocultures and mixtures of the two species. The mortality of germlings increased with increasing density and emergence periods both in the monoculture and mixtures of the two species, and the mortality of Ascophyllum was significantly higher than that of Fucus both in submerged and emerged treatments. The growth of germlings of both species reduced with increasing density but F. vesiculosus always grew faster than Ascophyllum. The values of log output ratio were more than 0.1, indicating that Fucus 'won' in the competitive battles with Ascophyllum under two nutrient- and air-exposure levels. Log output ratio was greater in high than in low nutrients, indicating that the growth of Fucus is more enhanced than that of Ascophyllum in high nutrients. In the present study, the outcome of inter specific competition between germlings of Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum was slightly altered by duration of emergence and nutrient concentration, but not to such an extent as to change the outcome.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.241-246
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin levels and stocking densities on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood characteristics in growing pigs. A $2{\times}3$ factorial (two vitamin levels, three regimens of stocking densities) arrangement was utilized with 96 pigs ($23.10{\pm}0.95$ kg initial body weight and 63 d of age) for 36 d. The pigs were allocated to pens with different stocking density (0.64, 0.48, and 0.38 $m^2/pig$, respectively). The diets used in this study were a normal diet (based on NRC) and a high level of vitamin diet (2-fold higher than normal diet). The ADG and ADFI of pigs were decreased as the stocking density increased (p = 0.03 and p = 0.01, respectively). The G/F of pigs was 5% lower in the high vitamin treatment (p = 0.03) as compared with the control treatment. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM and N digestibility was negatively affected by the high level of vitamin in diets (p = 0.05 and p = 0.04, respectively). Moreover, a significant and negative effect on the ATTD of N was detected in the large groups (linear, p = 0.02). Blood cortisol concentration was increased with increasing stocking density (linear, p = 0.05), and was decreased by high level of vitamin (p = 0.04) at the end of this experiment. Stocking density also caused a linear reduction in WBC concentration (p = 0.05). Our data indicated that the principal effect of stocking density was not reliant on dietary vitamin levels. In conclusion, results indicated that doubling the vitamin supplementation did not improve the growth performance of pigs in high density. However, the blood cortisol concentration was decreased but the ATTD of N digestibility was impaired by high level of vitamin diet.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate dietary habits and nutrient intakes of college students in Gyeonggi-do area. Survey questionnaire and daily intake using 24-hour recall method were recorded by 351 college students (172 males, 179 females) . Nutrient intakes were calculated using Can-pro 2.0, from which $\%$RDA (Recommended dietary allowances), NAR (Nutrient adequacy ratio), MAR (Mean nutrient adequacy ratio), and ND (Nutrient density) were calculated to evaluate the quality of diets. Subjects answered 9 questions on dietary habits and these answers were calculated as 0, 0.5, and 1 point by frequency. Dietary habit was 39.57 $\pm$ 21.82 in male students and 42.12 $\pm$ 20.78 in female students out of total score of 100, showing higher score in female students. In the survey of dietary habits, the ratio of skipping breakfast 6 - 7 days a week in total subjects was $32.9\%$, showing a rather higher ratio of skipping breakfast, and the interest for balanced diet was as low as $13.2\%$ in total subjects. The importance of meals in total subjects was observed in the order of dinner ($47.6\%$), lunch ($40.2\%$), and breakfast($12.3\%$). In NAR of total subjects, nutrients with a score lower than 0.70 were calcium (0.64 $\pm$ 0.26), vitamin $B_2$ (0.66 $\pm$ 0.25), and vitamin C (0.69 $\pm$ 0.29) in ND of them, calcium (0.85 $\pm$ 0.43), zinc (0.89 $\pm$ 0.18), vitamin $B_2$(0.87 $\pm$ 0.34), and folic acid (0.91 $\pm$ 0.96) were nutrients with lower values. In the evaluation of nutrient intakes by the level of dietary habits, better scores of both NAR and ND were observed as the level of dietary habits was higher. There was a great difference in nutrient intakes in terms of $\%$RDA, suggesting the risk of nutritional imbalance. Based on the above results, it is considered that the improvement in dietary habits will contribute to the improvement of nutrition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.854-869
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• 1997

This study was conducted to evaluation the quality of meals served in elementary school based on nutrient contents and food diversity . A questionnaire was mailed to school foodservice dietitians requesting one week menus for April and October . Menus served in 388 schools from each province and from major cities in Korea were analyzed. Mean nutrient contents per meal of persons served, and food expenses per meal. Mean percentages of energy from fat was 20.2% , and was significantly l different by foodservice system. When nutrient contents were converted to amount per 1, 000kcal, all were higher than that calculated from RDA except calcium, iron, and Vitamin A. Most of these were not significantly different according to area, foodservice system, the number of persons served, and food expense per meal. Compared to 1/3 of RDA for children , many meals provided lower amounts of energy, Vit A, VitB2, and Ca. More than half of the meals provided less iron than 1/3 RDA for 10-12 years girls. Using the highest values of RDA for the elementary school age group as evaluation, criteria nutrient adequacy ratios(NAR) were lowest for Ca(0.61), Vit A(0.57), and iron(0.77). The mean adequacy ratio(MAR) was 0.86. Mean numbers of food items and dishes per meal were 15.3 and 5.1 , respectively. 66.3% of the meals provided three food groups of grain, meat, and vegetable. Except for the number of different food items served per meal, the aspect of food diversity was similar to that of nutrient contents. There was significant positive correlation between mean number of different food items served per meal and nutrient content . In summary , schools in small cities and rural areas than those in large cities, schools adapting commissary or joint management than those or density. Also the more food groups served per meal, the higher the nutrient content per meal . In summary , schools in small cities and rural areas than those in large cities, schools adapting commissary or joint management than those adapting conventional foodservice system, schools serving smaller number of persons, and schools with higher food expenses provided higher energy contents and food diversity.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.429-444
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between bone density and dietary intake for college women in their twenties. This study was performed on 160 female college students residing in Gangwon-do. It was conducted using ultrasound measurement of calcaneus bone density, anthropometric checkup and food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) comprising 94 kinds of commonly consumed foods. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the T-score of bone density: a normal group (n = 113 persons, T-score ${\geq}1$) and a risk group (n = 47, T-score < 1.0). The average age of the subjects was 20.17 years and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Body weight and body fat percentage of the normal group were significantly higher than those of the risk group. The mean daily energy intake of the normal group was significantly higher than that of the risk group. Also, protein, fat, vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron and zinc intake for the normal group were significantly higher than for the risk group. For the intake of the commonly consumed foods (or dishes) listed in FFQ, the mean daily intake amount of loaf bread, rice cake, potatoes, spicy beef soup, cucumber, seasoned spinach perilla leaves, crown daisy, stir-fried mushroom, sea mustard, beef rib, ham, chicken, mackerel, common squid, drink type curd yogurt, oriental melon and chocolate in the normal group was significantly higher than in the risk group. While, the mean daily intake of ramyun (instant noodle) and carbonated beverage by the normal group was significantly lower than that of the risk group. In conclusion, 20 something female college students showed a higher rate (26.9%) of the bone mineral density risk group (osteopenia or osteoporosis). For the risk group, the levels of nutrient and food intake were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, the bone density risk group needs to increase their nutrient intake and diet quality by increasing the intake of various foods. In addition, they should decrease the intake of foods, which are negative for skeletal health such as instant noodles and carbonated beverages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1162-1169
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• 1999

Modern livestock production facilities face both challenges and opportunities with respect to sustainable manure management practices. Nutrient recycling is constrained by the size of modern livestock operations, the low nutrient density of liquid manures, and the spatial and temporal variability of manure nutrient concentrations. These constraints can and must be addressed or farmers will be increasingly drawn to nutrient wasting strategies such as anaerobic lagoons, wetlands, and other systems designed to treat and discharge nutrients to the environment. Intentional discharge of nutrients is difficult to justify in a sustainable agricultural production system, since replacing those nutrients through chemical fertilization requires considerable expenditure of energy. In contrast, there are several currently viable technologies which provide the homogenization and stabilization needed to successfully compete against chemical fertilizers, including composting, pelletization, and anaerobic digestion. Some of these technologies, particularly anaerobic digestion and composting, also open up increased opportunities to market the energy and nutrients in manure to non-agricultural uses. Future advances in biotechnology are likely to demonstrate additional options to transform manure into fuels, chemicals, and other non-agricultural products.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.67-71
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• 2004

This study was carried out to evaluate soil carbon and nutrient storage of three adjacent coniferous plantations (Larix leptolepis, Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigitaeda) growing on a similar site with a same planting age (42-year old) in the Sambong Exhibition Forests, Hamyang-gun, Gyungsangnam-do. The soil carbon concentration among three plantations was not significantly different in 0∼10cm soil depth, but other two depths (10∼20cm and 20∼30cm) showed higher carbon concentration in P. densiflora plantation than the other two plantations. The exchangeable cation concentrations (Ca and Mg) in 0∼10cm depth were significantly lower in L. leptolepis plantation than in the other two plantations, while nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were not significantly different among three plantations except for nitrogen at 10∼20cm depth in P. rigitaeda plantation. Soil carbon storage in 0∼20cm depth of three plantations was unaffected by the stand types. Soil nutrient storage was not significantly different at each depth except for nitrogen storage at 10∼20cm depth in P. rigitaeda plantation because of the variation of bulk density and coarse fragment. This result demonstrates that soil carbon and nutrient concentrations among the plantations on a similar soil condition can be altered significantly by tree species effects over 40 years after plantation establishment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.140-149
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• 1992

It was hypothesized that variations within the range of usual calcium(Ca) and sodium(Na) intakes of Korean influence bone mineral density(BMD) in healthy premenopausal women The relationship of nutrient intake urinary excretion physical activity and circulating IGF-1 level with spine({{{{ { L}_{2 } }}}}-{{{{ { L}_{4 } }}}}) and femur BMD was determined in 47 normal premenpausal women. There was a positive relationship between BMD of the lumbar spine and body weight. The BMD of femoral neck was positively correlated with Ca and protein intakes from animal source and circulating IGF-1 level. There was a negative relationship between femur BMD and both Na intake and urinary excretion. The complex interrelations between femur BMD regression analysis, From this analysis. Ca intake from animal origin was the only significnat Premenopausal women of femur BMD. In the basis of femur BMD three groups were divided Premenopausal women of femur BMD$\leq$0.84g/cm2 showed depressed Ca intake of animal origin in later and early life and enhanced urinary Na excretion compared to women of femur study suggests that dietary Ca is a major constituent affecting femur BMD because of a decrease in net Ca absorption and an increase in urinary Ca loss.

• ALGAE
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 2007

The red tide-causing flagellate Chattonella anticfua can cause mass fish kills by their clogging in fish gills. Thisstudy examined the nutrient requirements of C. antiqua isolated from Korea. C. anticfua displayed maximum growthat the day five, followed by a decrease in cell density. Nitrate and nitrite were the preferred nitrogen sources, alonewith adenosine diphosphate for phosphorus compounds. In medium that contained ammonium, a significantdecrease in cell density was observed. Half-saturation constants, Ks, calculated from the maximum growth ratewere 4.94 U|M for NC>3 and 0.79 flM for P04. The growth of C. antiqua was not within the function of the N:P ratio (RU= 0.29). With an N:P ratio as low as 10, the increase in cell density was apparent, with a higher division rate. At lev-els above 50 fiM of NaNOg or 8 ;uM of NaHUPCU, the growth rates were somewhat decreased. Phosphate was thelimiting factor for C. antiqua growth since the starvation of phosphate had brought about a rapid decrease in celldensity in semi-continuous culture. Studies about the temporal modification of the efficiency of nitrate or phosphateuptake may be necessary to explain the bloom dynamics of C. antiaua.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.743-757
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to compare nutrient intakes, blood lipids and bone density of male(n=69) and female(n=71) according to the obesity index by %Fat. The average energy intakes of obesity group was higher than normal group in male & female(p<0.001). The protein and fat intakes among three energy nutrients for male were higher than normal group(p<0.05~0.01), and carbohydrate intake of obesity group in female was higher than the other groups. TG, TC/HDL, blood glucose, blood pressure in male were higher than female(p<0.01~0.001), but HDL in male was lower than female. TC/HDL and diastolic blood pressure of obesity group were higher than normal group in male(p<0.05), but had not significant in female. Blood glucose in male was higher than female(p<0.001). T-score of forearm(=-1.26) and calcaneus(=0.42) for female were lower than male(=-0.63, 0.83), and T-score of calcaneus for obesity group(=1.03) in female was higher than normal group(=0.10). The T-score of forearm for obesity group in female was higher than the other group, but was not significant. These results suggest that ratio among three energy nutrients was kept balance for obesity group, especially, fat must be reduced in male than female, carbohydrate will be reduced in female than male to prevent obesity. Nutritional education for treatment obesity to prevent hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis is important for male too. T-score of forearm was lower than calcaneus in female, so exercise with arm than leg would be required to accumulate calcium in bone and to increase muscle to prevent osteoporosis.