• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.165-192
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• 2023

This study aims to examine the effects of bureaucratic characteristics, which are the most common in modern library organizations among organizational characteristics of public libraries, on the organizational commitment of librarians. Doing this analysis, 185 librarians from 20 public libraries in the Seoul metropolitan area of South Korea were surveyed to look into the bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic characteristics of each library, such as specialization, hierarchy of authority, system of rules, integration, and participation, and the three dimensions of organizational commitment of affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment. According to this analysis, the hierarchy of authority had a negative effect on affective and normative commitment, while integration had a positive impact on affective and continuance commitment, and participation had a positive effect on affective and normative commitment. The findings, therefore, show that a combination of bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic characteristics, which reduces the hierarchy of authority and strengthens integration and participation, would increase organizational commitment. This study is meaningful in that, through empirical research, it suggests organizational bureaucratic characteristics that would raise organizational commitment in public library organizations.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.79-97
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to obtain the normative data of finger strength using the keyboard and the MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface) software. A total of 92 college students (46 male and 46 female) were recruited from universities located in Seoul and Chungcheong province and an average age was 21.7(SD = 1.8). After the completion of demographic information, each participant asked to press the five keys both in ascending and descending manners with the maximum strength of individual finger. The velocity was obtained as an indicator for finger pressing force by using the MIDI software. Results showed that the individual finger velocity ranged between 77 to 97 (Maximum possible velocity = 127). Regarding male's velocity data, the maximum velocity was found in index finger of dominant hand(96.9), while the minimum strength was found in ring finger of nondominant hand(78.5). Female data appeared to be similar to male's one in terms of maximum strength in dominant index finger(92) and minimum strength in nondominant ring finger(77.5). It also found that the statistically significant differences(p < .05) on finger strength of all fingers between dominant and non-dominant hands except the thumbs(p < .05). The current findings serves as a "normative standard" that proves the validity and effectiveness of hand rehabilitation training program using the electronic keyboard connected with the MIDI software to enhance functional changes in hands.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.89-123
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• 2008

This study has the purpose to research on the actual conditions of discriminative treatment between regular and irregular work and find what kind of environment factors can effect on the job-satisfaction, organizational commitments. Especially, this study has addressed to improvement of conditions for irregular work and researched the difference factors between regular and irregular workers's job-satisfaction, organizational commitment, and employment - environmental. For the data collection, a total of 400 questionnaires were distributed for survey, 195 responses were available for statistical analysis. This questionnaires were sent to the distribution companies that has a variety type of employment as regular and irregular worker in Seoul province by e-mail and direct way. And SPSS 12.0(ver.) was used to analyze the data. The main results were as the following; First, the human relationship and the normative commitment were statistically different between regular and irregular work in the part of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Second, income were important to improve the satisfaction of job environment and personnel policy and the normative commitment. Corporation welfare were important for the satisfaction of human relationship, job environment and personnel policy, normative commitment affective commitment and continuous commitment. Stability of employment were important to improve the satisfaction of human relationship and job environment, normative commitment and affective commitment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.37-45
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• 2021

Purpose : This study aimed to present normative data and cut-off points for older Korean adults completing the Montreal Cognitive Assessment - Korean (MoCA-K), which is used as a screening test for mild cognitive impairment in Korea. Methods : A total of 195 healthy adults ≥60 years were recruited. All participants completed the MoCA-K and the Korean - Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K) to assess their cognitive function. Participants were divided into six groups based on their age: 60-64 years, 65~69 years, 70~74 years, 75~79 years, 80~84 years, and 85~89 years. Results : The results revealed that MoCA-K score decreased significantly with age (mean score ± standard deviation [SD]; 27.63±2.80 in subjects aged 60~64 years; 27.00±2.39 in subjects aged 65~69 years; 24.94±2.96 in subjects aged 70~74 years; 24.74±3.37 in subjects aged 75~79 years; 22.59±4.72 in subjects aged 80~84 years; and 18.83±5.38 in subjects aged 85~89 years; p<.001). Additionally, MoCA-K score also increased significantly with educational level (mean score±standard deviation [SD]; 19.95±4.78 in no formal education group; 24.95±2.22 in elementary school graduated group; 26.35±2.72 in middle school graduated group; 28.32±1.36 in high school graduated group; and 28.50±1.51 in more than college graduated group; p<.001). The optimal cut-off points were 24/25 for 60~69 years old group, 21/22 for 70~79 years old group, 17/18 for 80~84 years old group, and 13/14 for 85~89 years old group. The optimal cut-off points were 15/16 for individuals who were illiterate, 22/23 for individuals with 6 years of education, 22/24 for individuals with 9 years of education, and 26/27 for individuals with 12 or more years of education. Conclusions : This study presents normative data and cut-off points for the MoCA-K in older Korean adults. This data will facilitate more accurate detection and follow-up of the risk of mild cognitive impairment in this population, taking into consideration age and education. Future studies are required that should focus on the cut-off score on the level of education according to age.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 1989.10a
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• pp.88-88
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• 1989

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.11
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• pp.301-335
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• 1998

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to understand the influence of employees' commitment (affective, normative, continuous) in the food & beverage departments of deluxe hotels upon job satisfaction and analyze the moderating effects of the leader-member exchange on the relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Based on a total of 403 food & beverage employees, this study reviewed the reliability and fitness of the research model and verified two hypotheses. The hypothesized relationships in the model were tested simultaneously by using SEM. The proposed model provided an adequate fit to the data, ${\chi}^2=635.160$ (p< .001), df=112, GFI= .845, NFI= .851, CFI= .874. SEM showed that organizational commitment (affective: ${\beta}=428$; normative: ${\beta}= .293$; continuous: ${\beta}= .342$) showed a positive significant influence on job satisfaction. However, the findings demonstrate that the leader-member exchange did not moderate the relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1247-1258
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• 2011

This study aimed to clarify the relationships among the characteristics of consumers and their influence on fashion leadership. Two kinds of variables were investigated in this study: centrality of visual product aesthetics and consumer innovativeness as personal characteristics, and role-relaxed consumption and consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence as interpersonal characteristics. Data were gathered by surveying university students in the Seoul metropolitan area, using convenience sampling, and 322 questionnaires were used in the statistical analysis. In analyzing data, correlation analysis, factor analysis, and regression analysis were conducted. Factor analysis on the centrality of visual product aesthetics revealed three sub-factors: value, acumen, and response intensity. Meanwhile, factor analysis for consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence revealed two sub-factors: informative and normative conformities. However, consumer innovativeness, role-relaxed consumption, and fashion leadership revealed only one factor. Regression analysis showed that visual product aesthetics, especially acumen and response intensity, were the most influential factors; furthermore, consumer innovativeness and normative conformity had positive influence on fashion leadership. However, role-relaxed consumption had negative influence on fashion leadership.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.17-30
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to explore the normative expectations of positive emotions such as happiness and pride in Korean culture by analyzing the children's textbooks in the Chosen Dynasty period. The method of this study was document analysis and the materials for analysis were 'Dongmongsensp', 'Gyukmongyogyul', 'Myungimbogam', and 'Sohak', that were the textbooks for children's education and invoked the ethics of individual life based on Confucianism. The analysis was focused on the antecedent events, emotional consequences, and emotional regulation in the emotional process of happiness and pride. According to the analysis, happiness was caused by the accomplishment of cultural tasks such as supporting parents, observing laws, being moderate, improving oneself with reading good books, and modeling good deeds, as well as parents' love, which had desirable consequences. Hence, the emotional regulation was to enhance happiness, but far as immoderate experience of happiness, the regulatory rule was expected to suppress it. Also, the antecedents of pride were those demonstrating to have power or occupying a high social position, and the consequences of pride led to self-destruction, and pride was therefore not allowed to be expressed. Consequently, happiness was enhanced because it motivated individuals to accomplish cultural tasks of interdependence, whereas pride was inhibited because it tended to disengage self from social connectedness.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1 s.108
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• pp.10-18
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• 2005

The main concept of social carrying capacity is based on the principle that 'there are limits to the number of users a given recreation site can accommodate in order to provide quality of recreation experience'. The quality of the experience is revealed as user's satisfaction and perceived crowding. In this respect, studies of social carrying capacity have been frequently conducted by measuring perceived crowding and satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to identify the variables affecting perceived crowding, and causality bet-ween satisfaction and perceived crowding. Four hundred seventy six visitors were selected at Naejangsan National park on peak day of autumn excursion through on-site survey. The collected data were applied by factor analysis for categorizing the research variables, and multiple regression for finding the causality among variables. The study results are follows. The expectation of crowding, as a normative variable for perceived crowding, are categorized by three factors; circulation, user facility, and landscape. The circulation factor is the most powerful affecting perceived crowding among three factor. The landscape factor, however, do not have statistical significance on perceived crowding. The causality between satisfaction and perceived crowding is found. Although this relation is significant in statistics, magnitude of the coefficient is very small. It might be interpreted that satisfaction cannot be predicted simply from a user's perception of crowding, but a multi-dimensional concept such as adaptation and coping behavior.