• 설비공학논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2003

The fault detection and diagnosis technology may be applied in order to decrease the energy consumption and the maintenance cost of the air-conditioning system. To detect partial faults of the air-conditioning system, a neural network algorithm may be used. In this study, the neural network algorithm using normalized input data by the standard deviation was applied. And the [7$\times$10$\times$10$\times$1] neural network structure was selected. Test results showed that the neural network algorithm using normalized input data was very effective to detect the condenser fouling and the evaporator fan fault of an air-conditioning system.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.605-608
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• 2011

In this study, OSA (the obstructive sleep apnea) periods were detected in patients with OSA during sleep because of the treatment was different according to the frequency and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea. ANS (autonomic nervous activity) was changed by obstructive sleep apnea periods so we intended to detect the periods to care the obstructive sleep apnea patients. RR intervals, SDNN (standard deviation of normal to normal) and RMSSD (root mean square standard deviation) were calculated in time domain analysis and LF (low frequency), HF (high frequency), NHF (normalized high frequency), NLF (normalized low frequency) were calculated in frequency domain analysis of HRV (heart rate variability) with obstructive sleep apnea patients. In this paper, SDNN (standard deviation of normal to normal) of time domain analysis were decreased in the obstructive sleep apnea periods. And NLF and LF/HF ratio were increased and NHF (normalized high frequency) was decreased in the frequency domain analysis. The parameters can be used to treat obstructive sleep apnea patients by detecting the obstructive sleep apnea periods such as CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure).

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제38권9호
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• pp.616-623
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• 2001

회절격자의 인접한 반주기 길이 사이에 음의 상관관계가 있는 반주기 길이의 랜덤 변이가 QWS-DFB 레이저의 주모드 파장 분포에 미치는 영향을 유효 굴절률 전달 매트릭스 방법으로 알아보았다. 주모드 파장 분포를 쉽게 파악할 수 있도록 주모드 파장 분포를 회절격자 반주기의 정규화된 표준편차 σΛ와 인접 반주기 랜덤 변이 사이의 상관계수 γ 의 해석적인 근사식으로 나타내었다. 이 확률 밀도 함수는 가우스 분포 함수이며, 그 표준편차는 σΛ가 커질수록 커지고 γ가 -1로 갈수록 작아진다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.114-120
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• 1992

이 논문에서는 MUSIC null-spectrum의 점근 분포를 유도하여, 이로부터 MUSIC null-spectrum의 정확한 점근 분산을 얻었다. 또한 이 결과에서 정규표준편차의 표현식을 얻어, 정규표준편차가 수신기와 신호원수를 따라 바뀜을 보였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.981-985
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• 2007

We present a MEMS-based portable Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (micro-DFMC), featured by a platinum sputtered microcolumn electrode and a built-in fuel chamber containing a limited amount of methanol fuel. Also presented is a micro-DMFC stack structure having a common electrolyte sandwiched by the microcolumn electrodes. The single cells with ME16 and PE16 electrodes show the maximum power densities of $31.04{\pm}0.29{\mu}W/cm^2$ and $9.75{\pm}0.29{\mu}W/cm^2$, respectively; thus indicating the microcolumn electrode (ME16) generates the power density (3.2 times) higher than the planar electrode (PE16). The single cell tests of ME16 and ME4 electrodes (Fig.8) show the maximum power of $31.04{\pm}0.29{\mu}W/cm^2$, and $25.23{\pm}2.7{\mu}W/cm^2$, respectively; thus demonstrating the increased window frame reduces the normalized standard power deviation (standard deviation over the average power). The normalized deviation of 0.11 in ME4 cell has been reduced to 0.01 in ME16 cell due to the increased window frames. The maximum power density of 4-cell stack is 15.7 times higher than that of the single cell. 4-cell stack produces the power capacity of 20.3mWh/g during 980min operation at the voltage of 450mV with the load resistance of $800{\Omega}$.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.253-265
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• 2016

We propose an obstacle classification method using multi-decision factors and decision sections based on Single 2D LiDAR. The existing obstacle classification method based on single 2D LiDAR has two specific advantages: accuracy and decreased calculation time. However, it was difficult to classify obstacle type, and therefore accurate path planning was not possible. To overcome this problem, a method of classifying obstacle type based on width data was proposed. However, width data was not sufficient to enable accurate obstacle classification. The proposed algorithm of this paper involves the comparison between decision factor and decision section to classify obstacle type. Decision factor and decision section was determined using width, standard deviation of distance, average normalized intensity, and standard deviation of normalized intensity data. Experiments using a real autonomous vehicle in a real environment showed that calculation time decreased in comparison with 2D LiDAR-based method, thus demonstrating the possibility of obstacle type classification using single 2D LiDAR.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.1571-1584
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• 2023

In this study, a numerical analysis was performed as part of an international joint research project to reproduce a real cable tray fire that occurred in the heater bay area of the turbine building of a nuclear power plant. A sensitivity analysis was performed on various input parameters to derive results consistent with the sprinkler activation time obtained from the fire event analysis. For all sensitive parameters, the normalized sprinkler activation time correlated well with the power function of the normalized sprinkler height. A correlation equation was developed to identify the sprinkler activation time at any location when determining the slope or fire growth rate under the conditions assuming a linear or t-squared heat release rate (HRR) time curve. Various cable fire growth assumptions were used to determine which assumption was better to provide the prediction coincident with the information given from the fire event analysis in terms of the sprinkler activation time and total energy generated from cables damaged by fire. In the comprehensive analysis of all the sensitive parameters, the standard deviation of the input parameters increased as the sprinkler height decreased. Within the range of the sensitivity parameter values given in this study, when considering all sprinkler heights, the standard deviation of the cable model change was the largest and that of the overhang position change was the smallest.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• 제26권3E호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2007

In this paper we propose a new noise reduction algorithm for stationary and nonstationary noisy environments. Our algorithm classifies the speech and noise signal contributions in time-frequency bins, and is not based on a spectral algorithm or a minimum statistics approach. It relies on calculating the ratio of the standard deviation of the noisy power spectrum in time-frequency bins to its normalized time-frequency average. We show that good quality can be achieved for enhancement speech signal by choosing appropriate values for ${\delta}_t\;and\;{\delta}_f$. The proposed method greatly reduces the noise while providing enhanced speech with lower residual noise and somewhat higher mean opinion score (MOS), background intrusiveness (BAK) and signal distortion (SIG) scores than conventional methods.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.599-607
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• 2000

In this study, experiments have been performed to examine the effects of background gray-level on the depth-of-field and on the in-focus criteria. The normalized value of contrast(VC) and the gradient indicator(GI) were used as the in-focus criteria for the small and the large size-ranges of particles, respectively. The slightly larger number of pixels were detected with the brighter background. The maximum of the normalized value of contrast(VCmax) is decreased with the brighter background and its deviation from that with the background gray-level of 160 turned out to be about $pm$15% when the background gray-level changes from 100 to 200. However, the maximum gradient indicator(GImax) changes with the background gray-level within only $pm$5%. The depth-of-field for the VC-applicable particle-size range is largely dependent on the background gray-level. On the other hand, the depth-of-field for the GI-applicable particle-size range changes only slightly with the background gray-level. To keep the normalized standard deviation of the particle size within 0.1, the background gray-level should be set 160$pm$20 for both the VC-applicable and GI-applicable ranges which cover the particle size between $10{\mu}m$ and $300{\mu}m$.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.337-345
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• 2020

지하수자원의 적절한 관리를 위한 정보제공을 위해서는 강수량과 지하수 취수가 지하수위에 미치는 영향분석이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 제주도 남동쪽 표선유역 중 산간지역 9개 지하수위 관측정 지점을 대상으로 정규화된 표준편차에 의해 변환된 시계열자료와 교차상관계수를 이용하여 강수량-지하수위 및 지하수취수량-지하수위 간의 상관성을 비교분석하였다. 먼저 일단위 원시 시계열자료를 이용하여 강수량-지하수위의 교차상관계수를 산정한 결과 최대 0.3의 낮은 교차상관계수를 가졌으나 정규화된 표준편차를 이용한 결과는 최대 0.8의 교차상관계수를 얻음으로써 더욱 명확한 상관성을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 강수량의 변동성과 지하수위의 변동성은 대부분 양의 교차상관계수를 가졌으나, 취수량의 변동성과 지하수위의 변동성은 대부분 음의 교차상관계수를 가짐으로써 본 연구 대상지역의 지하수위는 취수량의 영향은 거의 받지 않고 강수량의 영향을 크게 받음을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 성판악과 교래 강우관측소가 관측정 지하수위에 미치는 상대적인 영향을 비교분석한 결과 상대적으로 하류쪽에 위치한 교래 강우관측소의 강수량이 더 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구에서 사용한 지하수위 변동분석 방법은 향후 다른 지역의 강수량과 지하수 취수량이 지하수위 변동성에 미치는 영향분석에 간편하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.