• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.9-14
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• 2003

The method of vocal tract normalization is a successful method for improving the accuracy of inter-speaker normalization. In this paper, we present an intra-speaker warping factor estimation based on pitch alteration utterance. The feature space distributions of untransformed speech from the pitch alteration utterance of intra-speaker would vary due to the acoustic differences of speech produced by glottis and vocal tract. The variation of utterance is two types: frequency and amplitude variation. The vocal tract normalization is frequency normalization among inter-speaker normalization methods. Therefore, we have to consider amplitude variation, and it may be possible to determine the amplitude warping factor by calculating the inverse ratio of input to reference pitch. k, the recognition results, the error rate is reduced from 0.4% to 2.3% for digit and word decoding.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2021

This paper presents an effective structure by applying various normalization to Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for seismic event classification. Normalization techniques can not only improve the learning speed of neural networks, but also show robustness to noise. In this paper, we analyze the effect of input data normalization and hidden layer normalization on the deep learning model for seismic event classification. In addition an effective model is derived through various experiments according to the structure of the applied hidden layer. As a result of various experiments, the model that applied input data normalization and weight normalization to the first hidden layer showed the most stable performance improvement.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.486-494
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• 2006

A web page can be represented by syntactically different URLs. URL normalization is a process of transforming URL strings into canonical form. Through this process, duplicate URL representations for a web page can be reduced significantly. A number of normalization methods have been heuristically developed and used, and there has been no study on analyzing the normalization methods systematically. In this paper, we give a way to evaluate normalization methods in terms of efficiency and effectiveness of web applications, and give users guidelines for selecting appropriate methods. To this end, we examine all the effects that can take place when a normalization method is adopted to web applications, and describe seven metrics for evaluating normalization methods. Lastly, the evaluation results on 12 normalization methods with the 25 million actual URLs are reported.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2004

This paper presents methods using Gaussian normalization for converting pitch contours based on prosodic phrases along with experimental tests on the Korean database of 16 declarative sentences and the first sentences of the story of 'The Three Little Pigs'. We propose a new conversion method using Gaussian normalization to the pitch deviation of pitch contour subtracted by partial declination lines: by using partial declination lines for each accentual phrase of pitch contour, we avoid the problem that a Gaussian normalization using average values and standard deviations of intonational phrase tends to lose individual local variability and thus cannot modify individual characteristics of pitch contour from a source speaker to a target speaker. From the results of the experiments, we show that this slanted Gaussian normalization using these declination lines subtracted from pitch contour of accentual phrases can modify pitch contour more accurately than other methods using Gaussian normalization.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2003.11b
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• pp.215-218
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• 2003

The method of vocal tract normalization has been known as a successful method for improving the accuracy of speech recognition. A frequency warping procedure based low complexity and maximum likelihood has been generally applied for vocal tract normalization. In this paper, we propose a new power spectrum warping procedure that can be improve on vocal tract normalization performance than a frequency warping procedure. A mechanism for implementing this method can be simply achieved by modifying the power spectrum of filter bank in Mel-frequency cepstrum feature(MFCC) analysis. Experimental study compared our Proposal method with the well-known frequency warping method. The results have shown that the power spectrum warping is better 50% about the recognition performance than the frequency warping.

• Journal of Applied Reliability
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2018

Purpose: To propose improved method for normalization, compare to the de facto international standard which is IESNA TM-21 or conventional normalization methods. Methods: Firstly, we analysed conventional methods and specified the problem of normalization method which is based on first measured data. Secondly, we proposed our approach which is based on the design specification. Lastly, we studied a real degradation data which is conducted for 15,000 hours. Conclusion: Proposed normalization method is better approach because it can reflect real data and design specification, and reduce distortion when analysing degradation data. Also, It is appliable to other long-life reliability items.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.275-280
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• 2015

Recently brainwaves are utilized diversely in the field of medicine, entertainment, education and so on. In the case of medicine, brainwaves are analyzed to estimate patients' diseases. However, the applications for entertainments usually utilize brainwaves as control signal without figuring out the characters of the brainwaves. Given that users' brainwaves are different each other, a normalization method is essential. The traditional brainwave normalization approaches utilize normal distribution. However, those approaches assume that brainwaves are collected enough to conduct normal distribution. When the few amounts of brainwaves are measured, the accuracy of the control signal based on the measured brainwaves becomes low. In this paper, we propose a normalization framework of BCI-based facial interfaces for novel volume controllers, which can normalizes the few amounts of brainwaves and then generates the control signals of BCI-based facial interfaces. In the experiments, two subjects were involved to validate the proposed framework and then the normalization processes were introduced.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.140-150
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• 2014

University ranking models, though they consider multiple indicators to evaluate universities, determine the overall score of each university based on their own normalization and aggregation methods. Thus, the rankings provided by such models primarily depend on actual scores of evaluation indicators, but they are also significantly affected by the normalization and aggregation methods. We examine the normalization methods of four university ranking models used in South Korea, China, and United Kingdom. We discuss a possible unintended consequence of these methods, i.e., some universities who want to improve their rankings may focus on unnecessary indicators, contrary to the evaluator's intension, due to the normalization methods. We suggest a new normalization method based on the statistical characteristics of the distribution of each evaluation indicator so that the new method can motivate the universities to move into the desirable directions intended by the evaluator.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.341-348
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• 1994

Some extensions of the law of the iterated logarithm via self-normalization are obtained for seuences of sign-invariant random variables.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.11-13
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• 2023

We give a new proof for the full form of Hilbert's Nullstellensatz based on on integral extension and Noether's Normalization Lemma.