• MALSORI
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• no.56
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• pp.159-172
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• 2005

This paper analyzes the vocal tract area estimation algorithm used as a part of a speech analysis program to help deaf children correct their pronunciations by comparing their vocal tract shape with normal children's. Assuming that a vocal tract is a concatenation of cylinder tubes with a different cross section, we compute the relative vocal tract area of each tube using the reflection coefficients obtained from linear predictive coding. Then, we obtain the absolute vocal tract area by computing the height of lip opening with a formula modified for children's speech. Using the speech data for five Korean vowels (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/), we investigate the effects of the sampling frequency, frame size, and model order on the estimated vocal tract shape. We compare the vocal tract shapes obtained from deaf and normal children's speech.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.249-262
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of syntactic complexity (sentence length and sentence structure) on sentence repetition performance and intelligibility between specific language impairment (SLI) and normal children. Thirteen SLI children and twenty-six normal children, matched by 3 years of language, participated in this study. The sentence repetition performance of the subjects were analyzed based on the sentence length (3-word simple sentences and 5-word simple sentences) and sentence structure (5-word simple sentences, 5-word conjoined complex sentences, and 5-word embedded complex sentences). The results of this study indicated the sentence structure influenced sentence repetition performance and intelligibility of SLI children only. The implication of these findings were discussed.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.51-54
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• 2005

This paper analyzes the vocal tract area estimation algorithm used as a part of a speech analysis program to help deaf children correct their pronunciations by comparing their vocal tract shape with normal children's. Assuming that a vocal tract is a concatenation of cylinder tubes with a different cross section, we compute the relative vocal tract area of each tube using the reflection coefficients obtained from linear predictive coding. Then, obtain the absolute vocal tract area by computing the height of lip opening with a formula modified for children's speech. Using the speech data for five Korean vowels (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/), we investigate the effects of the sampling frequency, frame size, and model order. We compare vocal tract shapes obtained from deaf and normal children's speech.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.86-90
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• 2022

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis requires prompt diagnosis and treatment, since renal function at the time of diagnosis is significantly associated with renal outcomes. Here, we report two pediatric patients with ANCA-positive glomerulonephritis initially presenting with hematuria, mild proteinuria, and normal renal function. The first patient with a high myeloperoxidase-ANCA titer (>134 IU/mL) was diagnosed with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis based on renal biopsy and treated with immunosuppressive therapy after 10 months of follow-up. The second patient with a low myeloperoxidase-ANCA titer (11 IU/mL) maintained normal kidney function without medication. Two cases showed different clinical course according to ANCA titer.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.167-173
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• 1998

This study was performed to assess the lead and cadmium status of children residing in urban factory area and to see if there is a difference of lead and cadmium status between the group with normal iron status. The mean lead concentration of male hair was 9.55ppm which is significantly higher than 6.61 ppm that of female. The mean lead concentration of male urine sample was 0.04ppm, 10.3ppm and $48.14\mu{g/L}$, which is higher than 0.08ppm, 6.08ppm and $20.69\mu{g/L}$ of normal group, respectively. In a suboptimal group the proportion of children whose urinary lead is higher than normal$(35\mu{g/L)$was 87.3%, whereas 2.5% for a normal group. The mean cadmium concentration of male hair was 2.58ppm, which is higher than 2.48ppm that of a female. The mean cadmium concentration of erythrocyte, hair and urine was 0.25ppm, 2.65ppm and $38.83\mu{g/L}$, which is higher than 0.20ppm, 2.40ppm and $19.78\mu{g/L}$ of the normal group, respectively. The proportion of children whose urinary cadmium level is higher than the low limit of risk of cadmium intoxication$(40\mu{g/L)}$ was 21.4%, whereas 0% for a mormal group. Urinary lead and cadmium level showed significantly negative correlation with the RBC count, hematocrit, hemoglobin and serum ferritin, whereas they had significantly positive correlation with FEP/Hb(p<0.01). There was no correlation between the IQ and the level of lead and cadmium.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.5 s.207
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• pp.199-219
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and to identify the related factors of overweight among young children. The study subjects were 138 children, aged 3-5, attending child care centers in the Kyungbuk area. We assessed a wide range of collected variables including general characteristics, anthropometric data, dietary habits, stress, food preferences, and food frequencies of young children, and anthropometric data and general characteristics of their parents. The results of this study were analyzed with $\chi$$^{2}$_ or t-test using SPSS package program. The subjects were classified into two groups using the weight for length index WLI criteria: normal group(n=101) and overweight group(n=37). Forty-nine percent of mothers of overweight children did not recognize their child's current overweight status. Scores for encountering criticized-violent situation stress, hurt-pride stress and total stress were higher in the overweight group than in the normal group. The frequency of snacking and the appetite of the overweight group were increased compared to those of the normal group. The overweight group had higher preferences for salad, kimbab, boiled rice with meat, vegetables and Chinese noodles, chicken, shell, banana, soybean milk, hotdog, and potato than the normal group. The overweight group showed higher consumption frequencies of pan-fried foods, egg, laver and strawbery compared to the normal group. Therefore, our results suggest that obese young children, as well as their parents, need more nutritional counseling education about dietary habits, food preference, recognition of normal weight and strategies for actively coping with stresstopreventandtreatobesityandtomaintainhealth. .

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.313-320
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• 2007

This study sought to compare intake levels of major dish items and food groups between normal and obese Korean children in order to understand obesity-related eating behaviors. The study was also conducted to apply the information on the differences in major dish items and food groups found in this study to development of a brief food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for children's obesity-related eating behaviors. Finally, the developed FFQ was evaluated for reliability. A total of 290, 24-hour dietary recall data from 9-11 year-old normal or obese participants in the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were reviewed to identity dish items and food groups showing outstanding differences between the normal and obese groups. Based on the level of intake amount between the two groups, a total of 7 items, including ddeokbokggi, spaghetti, ham roast, pork cutlet, dairy products & ices, kimchi, and fruits, were selected to be included in the FFQ. The former 5 items were seen to be consumed more in the obese group, while the latter 2 items were so in the normal group. The questionnaire was formatted into a frequency response section of a seven-category option and reference period of the last 7 days. Test-retest reliability of the developed FFQ was examined by administering it to 153, 9-11 year-old children at a public elementary school in Seoul twice at a month interval. The level of reliability was found to be reasonably high. In conclusion, this study suggests that high consumption of several high-calorie dish items and low consumption of kimchi and fruits may be important eating behaviors in relation to obesity risk among 9-11 year-old children who need nutrition educators' attention. The current study also implies that a simple FFQ can be utilized to reliably assess 9-11 year-old children's diets.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.15-28
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• 2006

Music plays significant roles in the process of human development. The requirement in each process of development can be encouraged by children's participating in various musical activity and so the musical circumstance can make an important factor. Acknowledging that, there were some attempts to use music as a means of treatment or education for children. The subjects of clinic studies in music therapy, especially in Korea, have mainly been children with delay or disability in development. The purpose of this article is focused on collecting and analyzing articles which are written about children who are the main subjects of clinic studies. By collecting and analyzing those articles, the tendency of domestic studies about music therapy concerned with children can be widely examined. Ninety thesis about music therapy related with normal and disabled children have been collected and analyzed considering the subjects, methods, fields of the studies and musical intervention. The conclusions are the same with followings. First, considering the subjects, the studies on children with disabilities are more than normal children and the studies on autistic children occupy the largest portion of them Recently the studies on normal children have been increased as well as the studies on children with disability. Second, for the methods1 experimental studies have been performed more widely than descriptive studies. Third, considering the fields of development, the studies on the social field occupies the largest part of all and they are followed by emotion, language and communication, cognition in turn. Last, in case of musical intervention, it is clear that musical intervention is more used as forms of singing songs and playing instruments than special skills of music. Through this article, the achievements and shortcomings in this territory could be possibly shown at the same time. Moreover, the direction which it has to move toward could be shown.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.77-91
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• 2004

Objective: The purpose of this study were to examine the growth pattern of weak children by measurement according to the five weak symptoms (respiratory, digestive, psycho-neurological, neuromotor, urogenital symptom). Five weak symptoms are common etiology of short stature in childhood and oriental medicine therapy is used as a treatment in short stature but the effects on height are not conclusive. Methods: This clinical study had been carried out with the 166 case (male 74, female 92) of the children aged 3 to 18 years old who visited in growth clinic of Pediatrics, Dongguk university Bundang Oriental Hospital. They were divided into 3 groups by age (3-10, 11-14, 15-18 years group) Five weak symptoms were studied to determine the association with growth stature among children by comparison with the growth stature of weak children group and normal group Results: The distribution of age showed the highest in 11-14 years(58.4%), followed by I 3-10 years (26.5%), over 15years(15%) in order. In case of male, the distribution of five weak symptoms showed the highest respiratory weak symptom(68.9%), followed by digestive(52.7%), psycho-neurological(43.2%), neuromotor(24.3%), urogenital weak symptom (143.5%) and digestive weak children's Height SDS were lower than normal children in all age groups and respiratory weak children's Height SDS were lower than normal children in age group of 3-10. In case of female, the distribution of five weak symptoms showed the highest digestive weak symptom(59.8%), followed by respiratory(52.5%), psycho-neurological(51.5%), neuromotor (35.9%), urogenital weak symptom (25%) and digestive weak children's Height SDS were lower than normal children in age group of 3-14. Other weak children Height SDS were no significant difference from normal group. Conclusions: From the above result, it was suggested that weak symptoms is cause in short stature. These data indicate that the height was correlated with respiratory, digestive weak symptom and a way to improve the weakness increased significantly height in children growth stature. Growth stature should be investigated as a new field of oriental medical treatment and more controlled, long term studies are required to classify benefits of Oriental medicine therapy in short stature.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.455-464
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• 2005

The study was designed to observe the correlation between the eating habits and growth development in 1,574 children (3-6 years old) in Kyunggi-do and Seoul, Korea. The eating habits and nutrient intake were determined by mini dietary assessment and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). 35.6% children had been practicing an unbalanced diets. Children with unbalanced diet consumed less amount of protein source foods (meat, fish, egg, soy products), vegetables and fruits and had irregular meal time, but more of them preferred sweet foods (ice creme, cookies) and carbonated drinks as snack compared with children in balanced diet. 24-35% children consumed energy, iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), Niacin, Zinc (Zn) less than 75% RDA. Energy intake of children with unbalanced diet was not significantly different from those with balanced diet, but they consumed less amount of niacin, Fe, Ca and Zn than those with balanced diet. By using the relative percentage of standard weight-length-index (WLI), 65.7% children was normal weight, 12.9% was underweight, 13.4% was overweight and 7.9% was obese. However, 11.9% of underweight and normal weight children was so called thin obese since their body fat content was greater than 20%. There were 16.8% underweight in children with unbalanced diet and 12.6% underweight in those with balanced diet. Compared to normal weight, the underweight children significantly consumed less amount of milk and its product, high protein foods, fried foods and fruits, but obese children consumed more high protein source foods (meat, fish, egg, etc) and sweet foods. In conclusion, the eating habits of unbalanced meal was prevalent problem in preschool children which resulting in their health risks. Therefore, it would be needed that new approach for nutrition education to improve eating habits in preschoolers.