• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.178-184
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• 2014

The application of ganghwa mugwort (GM), ascorbic acid (AC), and their combinations for reduction of residual nitrite contents was analyzed in pork sausages during storage of 28 d. Six treatments of pork sausages contained the following: Control (no antioxidant added), AC (0.05% AC), GM 0.1 (0.1% GM), GM 0.2 (0.2% GM), AC+GM 0.1 (0.05% AC + 0.1% GM) and AC+GM 0.2 (0.05% AC + 0.2% GM). Results showed that the mixture of 0.05% AC and 0.2% GM was most effective for reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and residual nitrite contents than the control and GM added sausages alone (p<0.05). The color values of all treatments were significantly affected by adding GM (either alone or with AC). Additionally, the total color difference (${\Delta}E$) and hue angle ($H^{\circ}$) values of treatments added with GM were higher than those of the control as the amount of GM increased (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the pH values between the control and all treatments during the storage period (p>0.05). Our results showed possible applications of antioxidant combination, for preventing the lipid oxidation and decreasing the residual nitrite levels of meat products.

• 청정기술
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.23-31
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• 1998

수용액에서 벤젠의 광증감 분해반응을 증감제로서 과황산 이온, 질산 이온, 아질산 이온, 황산 이온, 연소 이온을 이용하여 수행하였다. 과황산 이온, 질산 이온 및 아질산 이온은 벤젠의 광산화 분해 반응에서 증감효과를 나타내었으나, 황산 이온 및 염소 이온은 증감효과를 나타내지 못하였다. 아질산 이온의 경우 농도가 증가함에 따라 벤젠의 광증감 분해반응 효율은 증가하다가 다시 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 이는 생성된 ${\cdot}OH$라디칼이 아질산 이온에 의해 소멸되기 때문인 것으로 생각된다. 또한 아질산 이온은 다른 이온과 공존할 때 벤젠의 광증감 산화분해 반응을 저해하는 것으로 나타났다. 반응 중간생성물로는 phenol과 biphenyl이 확인되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.161-165
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• 2006

NO and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are contributes to vascular inflammation induced by various stimulation. The mechanism, which explains a linkage between NO and COX-2, could be of importance in promoting pathophysiological conditions of vessel. We investigated the effects of NO donors on the COX-l and COX-2 mRNA/protein expression, as well as the nitrite production in culture medium of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). VSMC was primarily cultured from thoracic aorta of rat. In this experiments, COX-l and COX-2 mRNA/protein expressions were analysed and nitrite productions were investigated using Griess reagent. VSMC did not express COX-2 protein in basal condition (Nonlipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated). In LPS-stimulated experiments, after 3 hours of NO donor pretreatment, LPS $10{\mu}g/ml$ was treated for 24 hours. COX-l protein expressions were unchanged by SNP and NOR-3. NOR-3 significantly increased COX-2 mRNA/protein expression under LPS stimulation. In contrast, SNP did not increase COX-2 mRNA/protein expression under LPS stimulation. Nitrite production was higher in NOR-3 treatment than SNP treatment under LPS stimulation. These results suggest that the expression of COX-2 in VSMC is regulated by NOR-3, COX-2 expressions were depending on the types of NO donor and LPS stimulation in VSMC.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.35.2-72
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• 1990

N-Nitrosamines have been known to be strong carcinogens and are formed by the reaction of nitrous acid with amines. In this experiment the changes in the contents of nitrate nitrite trimethylaminoxide(TMAO) trimethylamine(TMA) and dimethylamine(DMA) during femen-tation of damsel fish were analyzed periodically and N-nitrosamines in a commercial products. N-Nitrosamines were determined by mineral oil distillation methods using gas chromatography-thermal energy anlyzer(GC-TEA) in a commerical product. Nitrate nitrite and amines were quantitate by colorimetric methods. Level of nitrate-N were gradually decreased but nitrite-n was not detected or trace. Contents of dimethlamine(DMA) and trimethlamine were mar-kedly increased while trimethylaminoxide nitrogen was decreased during the fermentation of damsel fish. The change of pH was in the ranges of 5,5-7.0 during fermentation of salted damsel fish. It was out of the optimum pH(3.0-3.4) for the formation of nitrosamine. N-Nitrosamines were not detected in salt-fermented damsel fist but much N-nitrosodimethyla-mine(NDMA) could be detected in salt-fermented damsel fish after adding 0.05M NaNo2 in the acidic condition. The identifaction of NDMA in it was confirmed by mass spectrophotometry. Nitrate decrea-sed during the fermentation of damsel fish. however nitrite was trace level and nitrosamines were not formed in its. This could be supposed that it was due to the rapid consumption of nitrite by amino acid and bacteria.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 1982

Nitrate accumulated in vegetables can, via $NO_2$ during storage and after their ingestion, cause the formation of methemoglobin and many of which are carcinogenic in human body. Especially such vegetables with the highest consumption in Korea as chinese cabbage and raddish frequently showed that high contents of nitrate and nitrite could accumulate. Therefore, pH and the content of nitrate and nitrite of Korean pickles made of upper vegetables, viz, Baiechu Kimchi, Yulmookimchi and Kakdooki were estimated during storage at the conditions of $5^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C Storage at $25^{\circ}C$ generally led to the more rapidly than that at $5^{\circ}C$. But changes of nitrite level showed very low variation in all tested Kimchi.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2010년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회 1부
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• pp.73-76
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• 2010

This study deals with the properties of polymer-modified mortars with a nitrite-type hydrocalumite, which are effectively used as intelligent patch materials for deteriorated reinforced concrete structures. The calumite is a material that can adsorb the chloride ions (Cl-) causing the corrosion of reinforcing bars and liberate the nitrite ions (NO2-) inhibiting the corrosion in reinforced concrete, and can provide a self-corrosion inhibition function to the reinforced concrete. Polymer-modified mortars using hydrocalumite and terpolymer powders are prepared with various calumite contents and polymer-binder ratios, and tested for corrosion inhibition. Subsequently, regardless of the polymer-binder ratio, the replacement of ordinary portland cement with the calumite has a marked effect on the corrosion-inhibiting property of the polymer-modified mortars.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.329-338
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• 1985

재래식(在來式) 간장에서 발암성(發癌性) 화합물(化合物)인 nitrosamine의 생성가능성의 규명(糾明)을 위한 연구(硏究)의 일환(一環)으로 식염농도(食鹽濃度)와 $NO_3-N$의 함량(含量)에 따른 nitrosamine의 전구물질(前驅物質)인 $NO_3-N$와 dimethylamine의 변화(變化)를 검토(檢討)하였던 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 간장덧의 효효(酵酵)는 용수중(用水中) $NO_3-N$의 함량(含量)이 높을수록 식염농도(食鹽濃度)가 낮을수록 비정상적(非正常的)이었다. 2. 식염농도(食鹽濃度)가 높을수록 $NO_3-N$의 환원(還元)과 $NO_2-N$의 생성(生成)은 지연되었으나 용수(用水)의 $NO_3-N$ 함량(含量)의 고저(高低)에는 관계없이 장기간 $NO_2-N$가 잔존(殘存)하였다. 3. Ascorbic acid의 첨가(添加)는 $NO_3-N$의 환원(還元)을, $NO_2-N$의 생성(生成)을 효과적(效果的)으로 억제(抑制)하였다. 4. Dimethylamine의 함량(含量)은 용수중(用水中) $NO_3-N$의 함량(含量)이 높을수록 낮은 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 5. NDMA는 $0{\sim}261.34\;ppb$가 검출(檢出)되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.300-306
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• 2000

The rate of apparent nitric oxide (NO) release, as measured in the exhaust gas of green alga, Scenedesmus obliquus, depended on the light intensity and pH. It doubled after lowering the temperature from $25^{\circ}C{\;}to{\;}15^{\circ}C$ and strongly decreased from $35^{\circ}C{\;}to{\;}42^{\circ}C$. The Scenedesmus cells, deficient in nitrogen or phosphorus, demonstrated a significant increase in NO production following their transfer to nitrate- and phosphate-rich media. The addition of herbicides (DCMU and glyphosate) or toxic concentrations of $Cu^{2+}{\;}or{\;}Fe^{3+}$ produced strong NO peaks, resembling those that occurred after sudden darkening. An increase in the $Ni^{2+}$ concentration to 20 ppm resulted in a gradual increase of NO release from the initial ~1.5 ppbv to>20 ppbv, whereas $Cd^{2+}$ instantaneously suppressed the NO by the cultures of Scenedesmus was not altered by L-NNA, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), or by its substrate, L-arginine. This seems to exclude the role of NOS in the NO formation under study. Accordingly, it can be assumed that the rate of NO formation is mainly a function of dynamic nitrite pool sizes and environmental factors significantly affect the NO production in algae.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1753-1761
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• 2013

The individual and interactive effects of Schisandra chinensis powder (SCP) and sodium nitrite additions on color, pH, water holding capacity, residual nitrite, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), volatile basic nitrogen, texture properties, fatty acids, amino acids and sensory evaluation of cooked pork sausages were investigated after 20 d of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. The powders (0, 0.5 and 1.0%) were added to sausages either alone or in combination with nitrite (0 and 100 ppm). SCP added-sausages showed lower $L^*$ (lightness) and W (whiteness) values, and higher $b^*$ (yellowness) values than sausage containing no nitrite, and exhibited the highest $a^*$ values at a 0.5% addition (p<0.05). Residual nitrite and TBARS values were found to be significantly reduced as the addition levels of SCP increased (p<0.05). As the addition of SCP increased, the sausage showed gradually decreased brittleness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness, while adhesiveness increased. Polyunsaturated fatty acid, n-6 and n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio concentrations were significantly higher in sausages containing SCP (p<0.05). The addition of SCP to sausage significantly (p<0.05) increased the ammonia content (by 0.5% SCP) and aromatic amino acid concentrations (by 1.0% SCP) (p<0.05). Inclusion of SCP in sausage meat resulted in a significant deterioration in quality characteristics of flavor, springiness, juiciness and overall acceptability (p<0.05). As expected, the observed changes in $a^*$, W, pH, shear force, texture property, TBARS, fatty acid, amino acid and sensory score of sausages, depended on the rate of addition of nitrite (p<0.05). These results suggest that SCP addition is not an effective way of improving the sensory evaluation of sausages, but may beneficially affect TBARS, nitrite scavenging activity, fatty acid and amino acid content in pork sausages.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.200-206
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• 2006

세라믹 담체가 충진된(공극률 32％) 생물여과 반응기(BAF)를 이용하여 암모니아성 질소폐수를 처리할 때, 수리학적 체류시간(HRT) 및 폭기량의 변화가 아질산 축적에 미치는 영향에 대해서 고찰하였다. 암모니아성 합성 폐수 및 석유화학 실폐수를 $1.6kgNH_4^+-N/m^3{\cdot}d$ 내외의 질소 부하로 BAF에 공급하였을 때, 암모니아성 질소의 제거율은 폭기량 증가에 비례하였으나 아질산 축적률은 폭기량 외에도 HRT의 영향을 받았다. 0.23시간의 HRT에서(공탑 체류시간 기준 0.7시간)는 0.23, 0.45, 0.56 cm/s로 공기 선속도를 증가시키면, 암모니아성 질소 제거율은 각각 73, 90, 92％로 증가하였으나 아질산 축적비($NO_2-N/NO_x-N$)는 0.92, 0.82, 0.48로 점차 감소하였다. 반면에 HRT 0.9시간, 공기 선속도 0.34~0.45 cm/s 범위에서는 암모니아성 질소 제거율 89％, 아질산 축적비 0.13 내외로 아질산 축적률이 급격하게 감소하였다. 공기 선속도 0.34 cm/s, HRT 1.4시간에서는 암모니아성 질소 제거율의 감소로 free ammonia(FA, $NH_3-N$) 농도가 상승하였고, 이후 약 50일에 걸쳐 아질산 축적비는 0.95 이상까지 점차 증가하였다. 본 연구에서는 HRT 0.23시간에서의 FA 농도 및 폭기 조건이 HRT 0.9시간 조건에 비해 아질산 축적에 더 불리했음에도 HRT 0.23시간에서의 아질산 축적률이 더 높게 나타났다. 따라서 FA 농도, 폭기 조건 외에도 HRT, 질소 부하 조건에 따라 BAF에서 아질산 축적량이 영향을 받았다. 반면에 FA 농도가 매우 높게(FA 5~15 mgN/L) 유지되는 조건에서는 운전 조건에 상관없이 아질산 축적이 안정하게 일어났으며 이 경우는 암모니아성 질소 제거율이 감소하였다.