• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제27권12호
• /
• pp.1695-1704
• /
• 2014

Maternal malnutrition during pregnancy may give rise to female offspring with disrupted ovary functions in adult age. Neonatal ovary development predisposes adult ovary function, yet the effect of maternal nutrition on the neonatal ovary has not been described. Therefore, here we show the impact of maternal protein restriction on the expression of folliculogenic and steroidogenic genes, their regulatory microRNAs and promoter DNA methylation in the ovary of neonatal piglets. Sows were fed either standard-protein (SP, 15% crude protein) or low-protein (LP, 7.5% crude protein) diets throughout gestation. Female piglets born to LP sows showed significantly decreased ovary weight relative to body weight (p<0.05) at birth, which was accompanied with an increased serum estradiol level (p<0.05). The LP piglets demonstrated higher ratio of bcl-2 associated X protein/B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 mRNA (p<0.01), which was associated with up-regulated mRNA expression of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) (p<0.05) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (p<0.05). The steroidogenic gene, cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19A1) was significantly down-regulated (p<0.05) in LP piglets. The alterations in ovarian gene expression were associated with a significant down-regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor mRNA expression (p<0.05) in LP piglets. Moreover, three microRNAs, including miR-423-5p targeting both CYP19A1 and PCNA, miR-378 targeting CYP19A1 and miR-210 targeting BMP4, were significantly down-regulated (p<0.05) in the ovary of LP piglets. These results suggest that microRNAs are involved in mediating the effect of maternal protein restriction on ovarian function through regulating the expression of folliculogenic and steroidogenic genes in newborn piglets.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.219-223
• /
• 1999

Ovarian development of the vitrified neonatal ovaries after orthotopical transplantation into the ovariectomized adult recipient mouse were observed. Ovaries were collected from the neonatal females on day of birth and grouped for fresh, vitrification for 1-minute, and 3-minute. Vitrified and thawed neonatal ovaries were orthotopically transplanted into ovarian bursa of the adult mice from which endogenous ovaries have removed just prior to the transplantation (1 minute: n=25; 3 minutes n=23). Fresh ovarian tissue transplanted (n=25) mice were included as control groups. Returning of the estrus cycles and the survival and development of the transplanted ovaries were evaluated. Intact ovaries from neonatal, and four weeks old mice were used for comparison of the ovarian development as in vivo-developed control. From 2 weeks after transplantation, 64%, 36%, and 75% of the transplanted mice showed return of the estrus cycles in fresh, 1-minute, and 3-minute groups, respectively. Four weeks after transplantation, all mice were sacrificed and ovarian tissues were recovered for histological analysis. 57.1%, 33.3%, and 64.7% mice in fresh, 1-minute, and 3-minute groups, respectively, had survived ovaries with follicles at various stages of growth from primordial to preovulatory follicles. Corpus lutea were also observed. Results of the present study suggest that 1) normal folliculogenesis has initiated in vivo after vitrification, and 2) the vitrification may be used as a preservation method for ovarian tissues for establishment of ovarian tissue bank.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.27-30
• /
• 2017

Adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) is a rare cause of adrenal insufficiency during neonatal period. Mutations in the gene coding for DAX1 cause X-linked adrenal hypoplasia. Most affected patients are shown to have salt wasting and hyperpigmentation on the skin during the neonatal period and require intensive medical care. In addition, it is usually associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in adolescence. The DAX1 gene is expressed in the adrenal cortex, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, testis, and ovary. We report on a patient with genetically confirmed AHC whose initial clinical presentations were consistent with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. A point mutation in the DAX1 gene identified in this report resulted in a truncated DAX1 protein. Our patient was diagnosed with AHC.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.71-78
• /
• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate developmental and estrogenic activity of bisphenol A (BPA) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) to the second generation of Sprague-Dawley rats ingested during gestational or lactational periods. Rats were given BPA 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg BBP 100mg/kg of pregnancy or lactation periods. Maternal body weight and neonatal body weight were recorded. The rats were sacrificed on day 21 after birth. Reproductive organs of dam and neonate were utilized for receptor binding assay. The plasma concentrations of BPA and MBep, one of the major metabolites of BBP were analyzed with HPLC. The co-administration of BPA and BBP induced slow weight gain compared with single administration in dams. Also, such mixture induced low neonatal body weights in next generation. The dams treated with BPA and BBP during lactational periods showed significant organ weight changes in liver and spleen. The dams exposed during lactational periods showed significant organ weight changes not only in liver and spleen but also in kidney, uterus and ovary. The F1 female rats exposed during lactation periods showed significant organ weight changes in liver, spleen, ovary. The F1 male rats showed significant organ weight changes in liver, kidney, epididymis, vesicular glands, prostate. However, no clear synergistic effects of BPA and BBP were noted. There was no significantly different ER$\alpha$ expression pattern between control and treated groups. However, ER$\alpha$ expression were increased in F1 male testis and female uterus. PI male showed distinct ER$\alpha$ expression, especially in the group of lactational combined exposure. Synergistic ER$\alpha$ expression was found by combined treatment of BPA and BBP. We could not find any evidences of synergistic effects on BPA and/or BBP combined administration on dams and their fetuses, except in ER$\alpha$ expression of F1 male.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제49권1호
• /
• pp.16-25
• /
• 2022

In mammalian species, females are born with a number of oocytes exceeding what they release via ovulation. In humans, an average girl is born with over a thousand times more oocytes than she will ovulate in her lifetime. The reason for having such an excessive number of oocytes in a neonatal female ovary is currently unknown. However, it is well established that the oocyte number decreases throughout the entire lifetime until the ovary loses them all. In this review, data published in the past 80 years were used to assess the current knowledge regarding the changing number of oocytes in humans and mice, as well as the reported factors that contribute to the decline of oocyte numbers. Briefly, a collective estimation indicates that an average girl is born with approximately 600,000 oocytes, which is 2,000 times more than the number of oocytes that she will ovulate in her lifetime. The oocyte number begins to decrease immediately after birth and is reduced to half of the initial number by puberty and almost zero by age 50 years. Multiple factors that are either intrinsic or extrinsic to the ovary contribute to the decline of the oocyte number. The inflammation caused by the ovulatory luteinizing hormone surge is discussed as a potential contributing factor to the decline of the oocyte pool during the reproductive lifespan.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.629-634
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to improve the yield of mature oocytes from in vitro-culture of ovarian primary follicles by optimizing follicle retrieval from neonatal mice of different ages. Primary follicles of 75 to $99{\mu}m$ in diameter were collected daily from 7- to 14-day-old neonatal mice, and subsequently cultured in ${\alpha}$-MEM medium. Number of primary follicles isolated, growth of the follicle during in vitro-culture and maturation of intrafollicular oocytes were monitored. Overall, mean number of preantral follicles per animal was improved from 10.7 to 88.7 as the age of follicle donors was increased from 7 to 14-day-old. Number of primary follicles was increased gradually up to 11-day-old (35.7 follicle per an animal), then reduced to 29 in 14-day-old (p = 0.0013). More follicles retrieved from 10-day-old or 11-day-old females maintained their morphological normality at the end of primary culture than the follicles retrieved from 9-day-old. Of those cultured, primary follicles retrieved from 11-day-old mice yielded largest larger number of early secondary follicles than the follicles retrieved from in the other ages (39 vs. 13 to 29%). More than 3.3-times increase (0.86 to 2.86; p<0.05) in an average number of mature oocytes per animal was observed in the group of 11-day-old, compared with 9-day-old. However, no difference was found in the percentage of primary follicles developing into the pseudoantral stage (21 to 30%; p = 0.5222) and in the percentage of oocytes mucified (32 to 39%; p = 0.5792). In conclusion, a positive correlation between retrieval time and follicle growth was detected, which influences the efficiency to derive mature oocytes by follicle culture.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.27-33
• /
• 2004

생쥐 신생자 시기에 생식 세포의 사멸 기전을 알아보기 위하여 세포 사멸을 보이는 생식 세포에서 세포 사멸 관련 단백질인 caspase-3, caspase-activated DNase(CAD), Bax 및 Fasnas ligand의 발현을 조사하였다. 활성화된 caspase-3와 CAD의 면역화학적 염색 결과 일차 및 이차 난포내 TUNEL 양성을 보이는 세포 사멸 난자에서 발현되는 것을 관찰하였다. CAD 또한 TUNEL 양성을 보이는 세포 사멸 난자에서 염색되었다. 활성화된 caspase-3와 CAB에 양성을 보이는 대부분의 난자들은 폐쇄의 형태학적 특징이라고 할 수 있는 세포질 내 공포가 관찰되었다. Bax는 세포질 내 공포가 존재하는 세포 사멸된 난자에서 염색되었다. Fas ligand 또한 TUNEL 양성을 보이는 난자에서 염색되었다. 이러한 TUNEL 양성을 보이는 생식 세포에서 활성화된 caspase-3와 CAD가 염색된 결과는 생쥐 난포 발달 초기 단계에 caspase-3와 CAD가 생식 세포의 세포사멸에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 또한 TUNEL 양성을 보이는 난자에서 Bax와 Fas ligand가 발현된 결과는 이러한 단백질이 난자의 세포 사멸을 조절하는 요소로 작용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국환경보건학회 2004년도 International Conference Global Environmental Problems and their Health Consequences
• /
• pp.185-187
• /
• 2004

The co-administration of BPA and BBP induced slow weight gain compared with single administration in dams. Also, such mixture induced low neonatal body weights in next generation. The dams treated with BPA and BBP showed significant organ weight changes in liver, spleen exposed during lactational periods. But the dams exposed during lactational periods showed significant organ weight changes not only in liver, spleen but also in kidney, uterus and ovary. The F1 female rats exposed during lactation periods showed significant organ weight changes in liver, spleen, ovary. The F1 male rats showed significant organ weight changes in liver, kidney, epididymis, vesicular glands, prostate. However no clear synergistic effects of BPA and BBP could be found. Estrogen receptor ${\alpha}$ expression by BPA and BBP in the uterus(dam, F1 female) and testis(F1 male) were studied. There was no significant different $ER{\alpha}$ expression pattern between control and treated groups. But $ER{\alpha}$ expression were increased in F1 male testis and female uterus. F1 male showed distinct $ER{\alpha}$ expression, especially in the group of lactational combined exposure. Synergistic $ER{\alpha}$ expression was found by combined treatment of BPA and BBP.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.137-145
• /
• 2000

포유류 원시난포의 분화에는 뇌하수체에서 분비되는 gonadotropins 외에도 다양한 성장인자들 뿐 아니라 스테로이드호르몬 등이 관여하며, 난황낭에서 기원된 생식세포들과 중신에서부터 유입되는 기질세포들의 복잡한 상호작용에 의해 이루어진다. 특히 사람의 경우 태아기에 분화가 시작된 원시난포들은 성장을 개시한 후 배란이 되거나 혹은 폐쇄되어 난소에서 제거되는데, 일부 원시난포는 성장이 개시되기까지 50년 이상 원시난포의 상태로 유지된다. 그러나 원시난포의 분화 및 성장정지, 성장개시의 기전에 관하여는 현재까지 정확하게 밝혀져 있지 않다. 본 논문에서는 태아 및 신생아의 난소에서 gonadotrorin의 수용체, 성장인자와 성장인자 수용체, 그리고 스테로이드호르몬 수용체의 발현을 조사하였다. 이 결과들을 바탕으로 사람 원시난포의 형성, 성장정지를 조절하는 기전 그리고 원시난포의 성장개시에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권9호
• /
• pp.1257-1261
• /
• 2006

Pleiomorphic adenoma gene-like1 (PLAGL1) encodes a zinc-finger (ZF) protein with seven ZFs of the C2H2-type which is a regulator of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and also regulates the secretion of insulin. In both human and mouse, PLAGL1 is a candidate gene for tumor suppressor and transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM). In this study, a 2,238 bp fragment covering the complete coding region was obtained and deposited to GenBank (accession number: DQ288899). The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) indicated that PLAGL1 was expressed almost equally in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, small intestine, skeletal muscle, fat, uterus and ovary. Comparing the sequences of Large White and Meishan pigs, a C-T transition in exon 6 was found. The polymorphism could be detected by TaqI and was genotyped in five purebreds (Large White, Landrace, Meishan, Tongcheng and Bamei). Association analysis was performed between the polymorphism and carcass traits in 276 pigs of a "Large White${\times}$Meishan" F2 resource population. As a consequence, significant associations of the genotypes with shoulder backfat thickness (SFT) and internal fat rate (IFR) were observed. Pigs with TT genotype had low SFT and high IFR compared with TC or CC genotypes.