• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.86-96
• /
• 2017

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze causality among sleep apnea, depression and cognitive function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 105 patients with sleep apnea and snoring who underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG). We analyzed various biological data, sleep variables (sleep duration and percentage) and respiratory variables [arousal index (AI), periodic leg movement index (PLM index), snoring Index (SI), mean SpO2, minimum SpO2, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and respiratory disturbance index (RDI)]. We also analyzed various data by sleep, cognition, and mood related scales: Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), snoring index by scale (SIS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Korean (Moca-K), Mini-mental State Examination-Korean (MMSE-K), clinical dementia rating (CDR), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). We analyzed causation among sleep, and respiratory, mood, and cognition related scales in obstructive sleep apnea patients. We analyzed the mediating effects of depression on sleep apnea patient cognition. Results: As Duration N1 increased and Total sleep time (TST) decreased, MOCA-K showed negative causality (p < 0.01). As BDI and supine RDI increased, causality was negatively related to MOCA-K (p < 0.01). As PSQI (p < 0.001) and SIS (p < 0.01) increased and as MMSE-K (p < 0.01) decreased, causality was positively related to BDI. BDI was found to mediate the effect of age on MOCA-K in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Conclusion: Duration N1, total sleep time, BDI, and supine RDI were associated with cognitive function in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Depression measured by BDI partially mediated cognitive decline in obstructive sleep apnea patients.

• Atmosphere
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.283-291
• /
• 2013

This study investigates the changes in the atmosphere-ocean interactions over the South China Sea (SCS) by analyzing their variables in the period of 1979~2011 during the boreal summer (June-July-August). It is found that a simultaneous correlation coefficient between sea surface temperature (SST) and precipitation over SCS during summer is significantly changed before and after the late-1990s. That is, the variation of precipitation over SCS is negatively (positively) correlated with the SST variations before (after) the late-1990s. Our further correlation analysis indicates that the atmospheric forcing of the SST is dominant before the late-1990s accompanying with wind-evaporation feedback and cloud-radiation feedback. After the late-1990s, in contrast, the SST forcing of the atmosphere through the latent heat flux from the ocean to the atmosphere is dominant. It is found that the change in the relationship of atmosphere-ocean interactions over SCS are associated with the changes in the relationship with Northeast Asian summer precipitation. In particular, a simultaneous correlation coefficient between the precipitation over SCS and Northeast Asia becomes stronger during after the late-1990s than before the late-1990s. We argue that the increase of the SST forcing of the atmosphere over SCS may lead a direct relationship of precipitation variations between SCS and Northeast Asia after the late-1990s.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.51 no.7
• /
• pp.624-631
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted to make clustering analysis based on major physicochemical characteristics related to palatability of cooked rice. 89 Korea-bred japonica rice cultivars could be largely classified into two groups, that is, Dongjinbyeo and Ilpumbyeo groups. The Ilpumbyeo group was divided into two subgroups; Ilpumbyeo and Chucheongbyeo groups. The two major rice groups showed significant difference in viscogram properties of rice flour. Ilpumbyeo group revealed slightly higher estimates of viscogram traits as compared with Dongiinbyeo group in average. Early-maturing rice group showed slighly lower estimates of taste meter and higher protein content compared with medium or medium late maturing ones. Also, early and medium-maturing groups exhibited slightly higher estimates of peak, hot and breakdown viscosities but lower estimates of consistenency and setback viscosities compared with medium-late-maturing one. The rice cultivars developed in 2000's revealed slightly higher estimates of peak, hot, cool and consistency viscosities compared with those in $1980's{\sim}1990's$. The grain quality properties significantly associated with the esimates of Toyo taste meter were protein and amylose contents and hot viscosity. The lower protein content and hot viscosity and the higher amylose content, the higher estimates of the taster meter. The protein content was highly negatively correlated with amylose content of milled rice. The important quality components contributed to multiple regression formula for estimating the Toyo taster meter values were protein content, alkali digestion value, and hot viscosity. The fittness of this formula was about 49% along with the coefficients of determination.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.659-666
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to assess objective and subjective meat quality traits for imported chilled beef with a high degree of marbling in longissimus muscle with reference to Hanwoo beef Muscle samples of four Wagyu, four Angus, four Hanwoo grade 1, and three Hanwoo grade 3 were purchased from a commercial beef market. The meats had intramuscular fat content of approximately 22, 8, 13 and 4%, and aged for 31, 71, 14 and 14 days, respectively. Imported beef showed a significantly(P<0.05) lower WB-shear force than Hanwoo. However, the instrument measurement did not reflect sensory tenderness and juiciness, which were similar between the four groups. On the other hand, Hanwoo beef showed significantly(P<0.05) favorable flavor intensity. This was likely an indication of more a desirable eating quality for Hanwoo beef, regardless of the level of intramuscular fat content. Discriminant functions of C18: 0, C18: In-7, C18: In-9, C20: 3n-6, C20 : 4n-6 and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids classified the domestic and foreign beef products at 100%, despite a noticeable difference between two groups existed only in C18:0. Principle component analysis indicated that subjective flavor intensity was negatively related to C18: 0 and C18: ln-7. The result indicated that C18: 0 could be a possible candidate fatty acid for difference in flavor intensity between two beef groups. The current study demonstrated that the domestic product was more acceptable for Korean consumers. However, it was not identified whether the result was associated with breed, feeding regime, or ageing time. Further studies are required for breed specification in terms of sensory characteristics and consumer preference.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.156-164
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors related to bone mineral contents (BMC) at os calcis of adolescents. The subjects were 604 students (327 boys and 277 girls) between 7th and 9th grade in Seoul, Korea. The mean age was 14.2 ${\pm}$ 0.9 years. General characteristics were collected by a questionnaire, bone mineral contents (BMC) were measured in os calcis by Duel Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (PIXI, General Electronics, USA) and height and weight were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis method (Inbody 4.0, Biospace Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea). Mean BMC of os calsis were 2.241 g. Height (p <.0001), weight (p <.0001I), BMC (p <.0001I) ofboys were higher than those of girls. Percent body fat of girls, however, was higher than that of boys (p <.0001). Anthropometric measurement, pocket money, sibling, experience of fracture, pubertal stage, intake of supplements, physical or outdoors activity, and eating habit had significant influence on BMC of boys. Anthropometric measurement, physical or outdoors activity, and eating habit had significant influence on BMC of girls. Multivariate regression with adjustment for sex and age showed that BMC was associated positively with height, BMI, frequency of regular activity, and intake of spinach or radish leaves (all p <0.05), and negatively with percent body fat (p <.0000 and Korean traditional diet pattern (p = 0.01). On the basis of these results, it is recommended to develop nutrition education and physical activity program for adolescents to improve BMC and prevent osteoporosis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.62 no.3
• /
• pp.193-202
• /
• 2017

This study was carried out in 2014 and 2015 to investigate the effect of transplanting density on panicle production and to analyze the relationship of panicle production with yield traits in the mid-maturing quality rice cultivar 'Haiami' in the mid-plain area of Korea. Number of tillers per square meter increased by reducing planting distance and increasing seedling number per hill. These effects were maintained until maturity and were reflected in the final number of panicles per square meter, although the effect of planting density decreased as rice growth progressed. However, increased panicle number per square meter following dense planting did not improve head rice yield. Panicle number per square meter was negatively associated with spikelet number per panicle and was not correlated with other yield components or head rice yield. Head rice yield was not correlated with head rice percentage but was closely and positively correlated with milled rice yield. Milled rice yield did not increase with grain filling percentage but increased with spikelet number per square meter. Spikelet number per square meter increased with both spikelet number per panicle and panicle number per square meter, although the former had a greater influence. Therefore, we conclude that head rice yield of the 'Haiami' cultivar grown in the mid-plain area of Korea is not improved with an increased panicle number following high planting density but it could be improved with high milled rice yield by increasing spikelet number per unit area.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.46 no.6
• /
• pp.846-855
• /
• 1999

Background : Secondary pulmonary hypertension is an important final endpoint in patients with chronic hypoxic lung disease, accompanied by deterioration of pulmonary hemodynamics. The clinical diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension and/or cor pulmonale could be difficult, and simple noninvasive evaluation of pulmonary artery pressures has been an relevant clinical challenge for many years. Doppler echocardiography might to be a more reliable method for evaluating pulmonary hemodynamics in such patients in terms of the accuracy, reproducibility and easiness for obtaining an appropriate echocardiographic window than M-mode echocardiography. The aim of this study was to assess echocardiographic parameters associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension, defined by increasing right ventricular systolic pressure(RVSP), calculated from trans-tricuspid gradient in patients with chronic hypoxic lungs. Method : We examined 19 patients with chronic hypoxic lung disease, suspected pulmonary hypertension under the clinical guidelines by two dimensional echocardiography via the left parasternal and subcostal approach in a supine position. Doppler echocardiography measured RVSP from tricuspid regurgitant velocity in continuous wave with 2.5MHz transducer and acceleration time(AT) on right ventricular outflow tract in pulsed wave for the estimation of pulmonary arterial pressure. Results : On echocardiography, moderate to severe degree of pulmonary arterial hypertension was defined as RVSP more than 40mmHg, presenting tricuspid regurgitation. Increased right ventricular endsystolic diameter and shortened AT were noted in the increased RVSP group. Increased RVSP was correlated negatively with the shortening of AT. Other clinical data, including pulmonary functional parameters, arterial blood gas analysis and M mode echocardiographic parameters were not changed significantly with the increased RVSP. Conclusion : These findings suggest that shortened AT on pulsed doppler can be useful when quantifying pulmonary arterial pressure with increased RVSP in patients with chronic lung disease with hypoxemia. Doppler echocardiography in pulmonary hypertension of chronic hypoxic lungs is an useful option, based on noninvasiveness under routine clinical practice.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.184-193
• /
• 2007

Objectives:There is increasing evidence that the cerebellum plays an important role in cognition and psychiatric symptoms as well as motor coordination. The concept of cognitive dysmetria has been making cerebellar function in schizophrenia the focus of current studies. In other words, disruption in the corticocerebellum-thalamic -cortical circuit could lead to disordered cognition and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia. The purposes of this study were to determine cerebellar dysfunction in male schizophrenic patients semiquantitatively with ICARS and to investigate the clinical and cognitive correlates of ICARS in patients. Methods:We compared the scores of cerebellar neurologic sign using ICARS in 47 male patients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of schizophrenia with 30 gender and age-matched healthy control subjects. The semiquantitative 100-point ICARS consists of 19 items divided into 4 unequally weighted subscores:posture and gait disturbances, kinetic functions, speech disorders and oculomotor disorders. All subjects were also assessed with cognitive function test. Cognitive functions were evaluated by Korean-Mini Mental Status Examination (K-MMSE), Verbal fluency test, and Clock drawing test. The patients were administered Korea version of Positive and Negative Symptom Scale(K-PANSS) to assess the symptom severity. Results:Schizophrenic patients had significantly higher scores on the ICARS than control subjects with posture and gait disturbances, kinetic functions, and oculomotor disorders. They also showed more significant impairments in cognitive function tests than control subjects. There was a significant correlation between ICARS and negative symptoms of patients. In cognitive function test, Clock drawing test was significantly associated with negative symptoms. In addition, Clock drawing test was negatively correlated with the total score of ICARS. Conclusion:In this study, we confirmed that schizophrenic patients have significant impairments in cognitive and cerebellar function, and that those were related with negative symptoms of schizophrenic patients. These results support a role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia. It is meaningful that we used a structured, and reliable procedure for rating neurological soft signs, ICARS. We hope that future prospective studies using a similar design help that rate of neurological sign should have been visible with the progression of illness.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.98-110
• /
• 2003

This study investigated the nutritional status and the knowledge of the 204 elderly in Young-nam area. Their weight and height were measured and their dietary intake and nutritional knowledge evaluated. The sutjects were 74.7$\pm$5.9 years old in average. The BMIs were in the moderate range. Weights and BMI decreased significantly with age. The dietary assessment data showed that each energy intake of the males and the females was 90.9% and 97.0% compared with the Korean RDA, respectively. The dietary intake of vitamin A, calcium and iron was lower than that of the Korean RDA. The fiber intake of the subjects was 7.4g~7.8g. The MAR of vitamin $_{B2}$ was the lowest, 0.66 and that of phosphorus was the highest, 0.99. According to the nutritional knowledge level, the intake of protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$and iron in the excellent group was significantly higher than that in the poor group. The correlation analysis revealed that the score of nutritional knowledge was positively associated with BMI, MAR and protein intake, while negatively with age.e.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.22 no.12
• /
• pp.1628-1636
• /
• 2012

This study examined the antioxidant activity of the dark purple rice seeds from the rice line, MGI079, derived from insertional mutagenesis. The contents of polyphenolic compounds were 1.3 and 1.9-fold higher in the MGI079-2-1 and MGI079-2-6 rice lines than in the donor cultivar MGI079. Flavonoid contents were 6.4-fold higher in the MGI079-2-1 line. The MGI079-2-1 line showed a 24.4-fold higher activity in DPPH free radical scavenging compared to the MGI079 line. The anthocyanin content of the MGI079-2-6 line was more than 106.4-fold higher than the MGI079 line and 1.4-fold higher than the Heugnam line. Anthocyanin content in colored rice grains was negatively correlated with Hunter's L, a, and b values, with the correlation coefficients of $-5.64^{**}$, $5.21^{**}$ and -1.15, respectively. The grain length/width of a mutant of MGI079 segregated to a medium and bold type compared to the medium type of MGI079. However, the 1,000 grain weight was decreased to 13.6~19.6 g compared to 19.8 g for MGI079. Amylose content of the endosperm was 5.6~23.8% higher than in the MGI079 line. The grain of mutants of MGI079 was distinguished by its starch characteristics. The higher antioxidant activity of the MGI079-2-1 and MGI079-2-6 lines indicated functional characteristics associated with high-value resources, so future breeding should focus on the development of pigments in colored rice in new varieties.