• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.389-397
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• 2019

리소좀(lysosome)은 진핵세포에서 에너지 대사 및 세포 내 소화 작용에 관여하는 세포 소기관으로 protease, nuclease, glycosidase, lipase, phosphatase 들이 다수 존재한다. 우리는 선행 연구결과들을 통해 난백 리소좀의 멜라닌 색소 탈색능을 보고하였다[8]. 그러나 B16F10 melanocyte 세포주에서 난백 리소좀에 의한 멜라닌 함량 변화 및 피부장벽 조절 연구는 거의 보고되지 않았다. 따라서 우리는 계란 난백(egg white)으로부터 추출한 lysosome-related organelle extract (LOE)에 의한 세포 내 멜라닌 함량 변화 및 피부장벽 강화 효과를 규명하고자 하였다. 먼저 LOE의 미백 효능을 확인하기 위해 B16F10 세포주를 이용하여 세포독성 평가를 진행하였다. B16F10 세포주에서 LOE에 의한 세포독성은 0에서 20 mg/mL 농도에서 관찰되지 않았으나, 40 mg/mL 부터 세포독성이 관찰되어 이후 모든 실험에서 최대 농도값을 20 mg/mL로 설정하였다. 먼저 LOE를 이용한 melanin contents assay 결과, 음성 대조군인 α-MSH 처리군 대비 LOE 처리군 5, 10, 20 mg/mL 농도에서 61.5 ± 4.0%, 61.4 ± 7.3%, 58.3 ± 8.3%로 세포 내 멜라닌 함량이 감소되는 것을 확인하였고, 20 mg/mL 농도 조건에서 MITF 발현 억제도 관찰하였다. LOE의 피부 장벽에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위해 각질형성세포주(HaCaT)를 이용하여 TEER (trans-epithelial electrical resistance) assay를 수행한 결과, LOE에 의해 농도 의존적으로 TEER 저항값이 증가하여 LOE가 피부장벽 강화에도 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 피부 염증 유발을 위한 TNF-α 처리조건에서도 LOE는 TEER 저항값을 증가시켜 염증 유발 조건에서도 LOE에 의해 피부장벽이 정상적으로 회복되었음을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 cell migration assay를 통해 LOE에 의한 세포이동 촉진 효과를 관찰한 결과, LOE는 세포분열 및 세포이동을 촉진시켰다. 위 결과들을 통해 LOE는 미백 기능 뿐 아니라 피부재생 및 피부장벽 강화에도 효과를 나타내는 소재이며, 효소안정화 및 제형화 기술이 접목된다면 향후 새로운 미백 기능성 화장품 소재로도 개발될 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.53-66
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• 1997

인슐린 저항성이란 인슐린의 생물학적 효과가 감소하는 상태를 말하며 당뇨병의 중요한 병리기전이다. 인슐린 저항성은 매우 다양한 특성을 가지고 있으며 유전적인 요인이나 후천적인 요인에 의하여 발생한다. 이제까지 가장 잘 알려진 인슐린 저항성의 유발인자로는 고혈당과 고인슐린증이 있다. 장기간의 고혈당이나 고인슐린증은 가장 중요한 인슐린의 작용조직인 골격근에서 인슐린 수용체의 결합능을 감소시키고 당섭취에 필요한 제 4형 당수송체의 발현을 억제하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 이들 인자는 모두 골격근에서 당섭취를 증가시키는 것으로서 인슐린 저항성은 말초조직이 세포내로의 과도한 영양소 섭취를 방지하기 위하여 작동시키는 조절기전일 가능성을 생각할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 단기간의 당섭취 증가가 더 이상의 당섭취를 억제할 수 있는지를 평가하고 그 기전을 규명하고자 흰쥐에서 2시간 동안 다양한 조건으로 당섭취를 유도하고 1 시간의 휴식기간을 가진 후 인슐린 예민도를 측정하고 골격근을 분리하여 인슐린 수용체와 제 4 형 당수송체를 분석하여 당섭취량과 인슐린 감수성과의 상관관계를 규명하고 인슐린 수용체 결합능과 제 4형 당수송체량을 비교하였다. 실험군은 hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp 전에 시행한 당섭취의 조건으로써 5개 군으로 구분하였다. 제 I 군은 대조군으로 생리식염수만 주입하여 기초상태의 인슐린 농도와 혈당을 유지하였으며, 제 II 군은 somatostatin과 포도당을 주입하여 정상 인슐린농도와 고혈당을 유지하였으며, 제 III 군은 포도당을 주입하여 고인슐린증과 고혈당을 유지하였고, 제 IV 군은 인슐린(100 mU/kg/min)과 포도당을 주입하여 초고인슐린증(${\sim}4000{\mu}U/ml$)과 정상혈당(~100 mg/dl)으로 유지하였으며, 그리고 제 V 군은 인슐린과 포도당을 주입하여 초고인슐린증과 고혈당(~200 mg/dl)을 유지하였다. 체중, 공복시 혈당 및 인슐린 농도는 각 군 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp 전에 주입한 포도당의 총량(gm/kg)은 제 II 군이 $1.88{\pm}0.151$, 제 III 군이 $2.69{\pm}0.239$, 제 IV 군이 $3.54{\pm}0.198$, 그리고 제 V 군이 $4.32{\pm}0.621$이었다. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp의 평형상태 당제거율(mg/kg min)은 제 I 군이 $16.9{\pm}1.74$, 제 II 군이 $13.5{\pm}0.53$, 제 III 군이 $11.2{\pm}0.52$, 제 IV 군이 $13.2{\pm}0.92$, 그리고 제 V 군이 $10.4{\pm}0.41$로 전체 군 간에 유의한 차이가 있었으며(p<0.001) 각 군간의 비교에서 제 II, III, IV, V 군의 값이 제 I 군에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다 (p<0.05). 전체 실험동물에서 포도당 주입량과 당제거율 사이에 역상관관계 (r=-0.701, p<0.001)를 보였다. 인슐린 수용체 결합과 Western blot으로 분석한 제 4형 당수송체량은 각 군 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 단기간의 당섭취 증가가 더이상의 당섭취를 억제할 수 있으나 인슐린 수용체 결합과 제 4형 당수송체의 숫적 감소없이 발생하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.349-354
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• 2000

Abstract A facultative alkalophilic gram-negative Vibrio metschnikovii strain RH530, isolated from the wastewater, produced several alkaline proteases (VAP) including six alkaline serine proteases and a metalloprotease. From this strain, high yielding YAP mutants were isolated by NTG treatment. The isolated mutant KS1 showed nine times more activity than the wild-type after optimization of the culture media. The production was regulated by catabolite repression when glucose was added to the medium. The effects of several organic nitrogen sources on the production of the YAP were investigated to avoid catabolite repression. The combination of 4% wheat gluten meal (WGM), 1.5% cotton seed flour (eSF), and 5% soybean meal (SBM) resulted in the best production when supplemented with 1% NaCl. The YAP showed a resistance to surfactants such as $sodium-{\alpha}-olefin$ sulfonate (AOS), polyoxy ethylene oxide (POE), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), yet not to linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). However, the activity of the YAP was restored completely when incubated with LAS in the presence of POE or $Na_2SO_4$. The YAP was stable in a liquid laundry detergent containing 6.6% SLES (sodium lauryl ether sulfate), 6.6% LAS, 19.8% POE, and stabilizing agents for more than two weeks at $40^{\circ}C$, but the stability was sharply decreased even after 1 day when incubated at $60^{\circ}C$. A washing performance test with the YAP exhibited it to be a good washing power by showing 51 % and 60% activity at $25^{\circ}C{\;}and{\;}40^{\circ}C$, respectively, thereby indicating that the YAP also has a good detergency at a low temperature. All the results suggest that the YAP produced from the mutant strain KSI has suitable properties for use in laundry detergents.rgents.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2015

The structures of reinforced concrete have been extensively increased with rapid development of industrial society. Futhermore, these reinforced concretes are easy to expose to severe corrosive environments such as seawater, contaminated water, acid rain and seashore etc.. Thus, corrosion problem of steel bar embedded in concrete is very important in terms of safety and economical point of view. In this study, specimens having six different coating thickness (W/C:0.5) were prepared and immersed in flowing seawater for five years to evaluate the effect of coating thickness and immersion time on corrosion property. The polarization characteristics of these embedded steel bars were investigated using electrochemical methods such as corrosion potential, anodic polarization curve, and impedance. At the 20-day immersion, the corrosion potentials exhibited increasingly nobler values with coating thickness. However, after 5-yr. immersion their values were shifted in the negative direction, and the relationship between corrosion potential and coating thickness was not shown. Although 5-yr. immersion lowered corrosion potential, 5-yr. immersion did not increase corrosion rate. In addition, after 5-yr. immersion, the thinner cover thickness, corrosion current density was decreased with thinning coating thickness. It is due to the fact that ease incorporation of water, dissolved oxygen and chloride ion into a steel surface caused corrosion and hence, leaded to the formation of corrosion product. The corrosion product plays the role as a corrosion barrier and increases polarization resistance. The corrosion probability evaluated depending on corrosion potential may not be a good method for predicting corrosion probability. Hence, the parameters including cover thickness and passed aged years as well as corrosion potential is suggested to be considered for better assessment of corrosion probability of reinforced steel exposed to partially or fully in marine environment for long years.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.563-570
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• 2009

We previously isolated the OsCBT gene, which encodes a calmodulin (CaM)-binding protein, from a rice expression library constructed from fungal elicitor-treated rice suspension cells. In order to understand the function of OsCBT in rice, we isolated and characterized a T-DNA insertion mutant allele named oscbt-1. The oscbt-1 mutant exhibits reduced levels of OsCBT transcripts and no significant morphological changes compared to wild-type plant although the growth of the mutant is stunted. However, oscbt-1 mutants showed significant resistance to two major rice pathogens. The growth of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea, as well as the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was significantly suppressed in oscbt-1 plants. Histochemical analysis indicated that the hypersensitive-response was induced in the oscbt-1 mutant in response to compatible strains of fungal pathogens. OsCBT expression was induced upon challenge with fungal elicitor. We also observed significant increase in the level of pathogenesis-related genes in the oscbt-1 mutant even under pathogen-free condition. Taken together, the results support an idea that OsCBT might act as a negative regulator on plant defense.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.187-205
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• 2014

The global price of oil, which is both finite and limited in quantity, has been rising steadily because of the increasing requirements for energy in both developing and developed countries. Furthermore, regulations have been strengthened across all industries to address global warming. Many studies of hull resistance, propulsion and operation of ships have been performed to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. This study examined the design parameters of the propeller boss cap fin (PBCF) and hub cap for 6,000TEU container ships to improve the propulsion efficiency. The design parameters of PBCF have been selected based on the geometrical shape. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis with a propeller open water (POW) test was performed to check the validity of CFD analysis. The design of experiment (DOE) case was selected as a full factorial design, and the experiment was analyzed by POW and CFD analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the correlation among design parameters. Four design alternatives of PBCF were selected from the DOE. The shape of a propeller hub cap was selected as a divergent shape, and the divergent angle was determined by the DOE. Four design alternatives of PBCF were attached to the divergent hub cap, and the POW was estimated by CFD. As a result, the divergent hub cap with PBCF has a negative effect on the POW, which is induced by an increase in torque coefficient. A POW test and cavitation test were performed with a divergent hub cap with PBCF to verify the CFD result. The POW test result showed that the open water efficiency was increased approximately 2% with a divergent hub cap compared to a normal cap. The POW test result was similar to the CFD result, and the divergent hub cap with the PBCF models showed lower open water efficiency. This was attributed to an increase in the torque coefficient just like the CFD results. A cavitation test was performed using the 2 models selected. The test result showed that the hub vortex is increased downstream of the propeller.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.402-413
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• 2001

Food safety is a term broadly applied to food quality that may adversely affect human health. These include zoonotic diseases and acute and chronic effects of ingesting natural and human-made xenobiotics. There are two major areas of concern over the presence of residues of antibiotics in animal-derived foodstuffs with regard to human health. The first is allergic reactions. Some antibiotics, such as penicillins can evoke allergic reactions even though small amounts of them are ingested or exposed by parenteral routes. The second is development of antibiotic resistance in gut bacteria of human. Recently multi-resistant pneumococcal, glycopeptide-resistant enterococci and gram negative bacteria with extended-spectrum $\beta$-lactamases have spread all over the world, and are now a serious therapeutic problem in human. Although it is evident that drugs are required in the efficient production of meat, milk and eggs, their indiscriminate use should never be substituted for hygienic management of farm. Drug should be used only when they are required. In addition to veterinary drugs, environmental contaminants that were contaminated in feed, water and air can make residues in animal products. Mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals derived from industries can be harmful both to animal and human health. Most of organic contaminants, such as dioxin, PCBs and DDT, and metals are persistent in environment and biological organisms and can be accumulated in fat and hard tissues. Some of them are suspected to have endocrine disrupting, carcinogenic, teratogenic, immunodepressive and nervous effects. The governmental agencies concerned make efforts to prevent residue problems; approval of drugs including withdrawal times of each preparation of drugs, establishment of tolerances, guidelines regarding drug use and sanitation enforcement of livestock products. National residue program is conducted to audit the status of the chemical residues in foods. Recently HACCP has been introduced to promote food safety from farm to table by reducing hazardous biological, chemical and physical factors. Animal Production Food Safety Program, Quality Assurance Programs, Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank are para- or non-governmental activities ensuring food safety. This topic will cover classification and usage or sources of chemical residues, their adverse effects, and chemical residue status of some countries. Issues are expanded to residue detection methodologies, toxicological and pharmacokinetic backgrounds of MRL and withdrawal time establishments, and the importance of non-governmental activities with regard to reducing chemical residues in food.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1644-1651
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• 2014

Transgenic animals have become important tools for the production of therapeutic proteins in the domestic animal. Production efficiencies of transgenic animals by conventional methods as microinjection and retrovirus vector methods are low, and the foreign gene expression levels are also low because of their random integration in the host genome. In this study, we investigated the homologous recombination on the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene locus using a knock-in vector for the ${\beta}$-casein gene locus. We developed the knock-in vector on the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene locus and isolated knock-in fibroblast for nuclear transfer. The knock-in vector consisted of the neomycin resistance gene (neo) as a positive selectable marker gene, diphtheria toxin-A gene as negative selection marker, and 5' arm and 3' arm from the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene. The secretion of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was more easily detected in the cell culture media than it was by western blot analysis of cell extract of the HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells transfected with EGFP knock-in vector. These results indicated that a knock-in system using ${\beta}$-casein gene induced high expression of transgene by the gene regulatory sequence of endogenous ${\beta}$-casein gene. These fibroblasts may be used to produce transgenic pigs for the production of therapeutic proteins via the mammary glands.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2007

복잡한 구조물의 유한요소해석 응답값으로부터 계산된 요소신뢰성 지수와 파괴확률은 음함수의 미분 및 극히 작은 파괴확률의 계산상 1계2차 모멘트법 (FOSM)과 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션(Monte-Carlo Simulation)의 적용이 어려우므로, 선택된 확률변수만의 함수인 한계상태방정식을 음함수로 구성하는 응답면기법을 적용하여, 기본설계단계의 아치교량의 설계값으로 구성된 확률변수를 고려하여 교량시스템의 완성단계에 대한 위험성을 해석하였다. 체계신뢰성 해석에서는 모든 붕괴모드의 발생경로와 단면에 대한 해석에 많은 시간이 소요되어 유한요소 구조해석 결과와 기존의 아치교 사고사례 등을 통해서 밝혀진 중요한 위험경로 및 위험단면의 파괴를 일으키는 사건에 대하여만 고려하였다. 교량시스템의 체계신뢰성을 평가하여 상관관계의 변동에 따른 시스템붕괴에 대한 발생확률의 상하한계를 결정하였다. 시스템의 요소간 저항연결구조는 요소파괴의 순서와 전체강성의 감소정도에 따라서 결정하였다. 체계신뢰성에서 검토되지 않는 다른 요소간의 상관관계를 검토하기 위해서 가정된 붕괴순서와 다른 거동을 보일 경우에 대해서는 통계적으로 독립된 요소들의 파괴와 그 모든 붕괴모드 조합경우에 대해서 검토하였다. 붕괴모드조합의 검토 결과 거더와의 파괴조합과 아치리브와의 파괴조합에서 체계신뢰성보다 위험한 상한계 시스템 파괴확률과 안전한 하한계 파괴확률이 발견되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.4555-4561
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• 2014

Background: Silencing due to methylation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3), a negative regulator gene for the JAK/STAT signaling pathway has been reported to play important roles in leukemogenesis. Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that specifically targets the BCR-ABL protein and induces hematological remission in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Unfortunately, the majority of CML patients treated with imatinib develop resistance under prolonged therapy. We here investigated the methylation profile of SOCS-3 gene and its downstream effects in a BCR-ABL positive CML cells resistant to imatinib. Materials and Methods: BCR-ABL positive CML cells resistant to imatinib (K562-R) were developed by overexposure of K562 cell lines to the drug. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTS assays and $IC_{50}$ values calculated. Apoptosis assays were performed using annexin V-FITC binding assays and analyzed by flow cytometry. Methylation profiles were investigated using methylation specific PCR and sequencing analysis of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 genes. Gene expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, and protein expression and phosphorylation of STAT1, 2 and 3 were examined by Western blotting. Results: The $IC_{50}$ for imatinib on K562 was 362nM compared to 3,952nM for K562-R (p=0.001). Percentage of apoptotic cells in K562 increased upto 50% by increasing the concentration of imatinib, in contrast to only 20% in K562-R (p<0.001). A change from non-methylation of the SOCS-3 gene in K562 to complete methylation in K562-R was observed. Gene expression revealed down-regulation of both SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 genes in resistant cells. STAT3 was phosphorylated in K562-R but not K562. Conclusions: Development of cells resistant to imatinib is feasible by overexposure of the drug to the cells. Activation of STAT3 protein leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation in imatinib resistant BCR-ABL due to DNA methylation of the SOCS-3 gene. Thus SOCS-3 provides a suitable candidate for mechanisms underlying the development of imatinib resistant in CML patients.