Inmyung Song;Sang Jun Jung;Eunja Park;Sang-Eun Choi;Eun-A Lim;Sanghyun Kim;Dongsook Kim
Health Policy and Management
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v.34
no.2
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pp.106-119
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2024
Drug shortage is a persistent phenomenon that poses a public health risk worldwide and occurs due to a range of causes. The purpose of this study is to review key policies to prepare for and respond to drug shortages in selected countries, such as the United States, Canada, and some European countries in order to draw implications. This study reviewed the reports and articles derived from search engines and Google Scholar by using keywords such as drug shortage and stock-out. Over the last decade or so, the United States have strengthened requirements on advance notification for disruption and interruption of drug manufacturing, established the Inter-agency Drug Shortages Task Force to promote the communication and coordination of responses, and expedited drug regulatory processes. Similarly, Canada established the Multi-Stakeholder Steering Committee on drug shortages by involving representatives from central and local governments and private sectors. Canada also adopted a tiered approach to the communication of drug shortages based on the assessment of the severity of the shortage problem and released a detailed information guide on communication. In 2019, the joint task force between the European Medicines Agency and the Heads of Medicines Agencies issued guidelines on drug shortage communication in the European Economic Area. The countries reviewed in this paper focus on communication across different stakeholders for the monitoring of and timely response to drug shortages. The efforts to protect public health from the negative impact of the drug shortage crisis would require multi-sectorial and multi-governmental coordination and development of guidelines.
This study was conducted to examine the self-efficacy and rejection sensitivity of nursing college students and their college life adjustment, as well as to identify the impact of self-efficacy and rejection sensitivity on college life adjustment. An online survey via URL was conducted on 154 enrolled students from nursing colleges nationwide. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 23.0 statistical software for descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and hierarchical regression analysis. The results of the study showed that the self-efficacy of the subjects was 3.80±0.63 points, rejection sensitivity was 2.67±0.83 points, and college life adjustment was 3.58±0.54 points. The factor influencing the college life adjustment among nursing college students was self-efficacy (β=.42, p<.001), while rejection sensitivity showed a significant negative correlation with adaptation to university life (r=-0.24, p=.003), but it was not a significant influencing factor. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and utilize various teaching methods and programs for psychological and social support to enhance self-efficacy in order to improve the adjustment of nursing college students to college life.
A fishway is an artificial waterway or device used to resolve difficulties in the movement of fish in a river. Most existing fishways are made of concrete and emit toxic substances, which has a negative impact on the river environment. Accordingly, there is a need to develop fishway construction technology that is eco-friendly and can increase movement efficiency. The technology presented in this study is an integrated porous structure that combines the aggregate with a biopolymer material extracted from castor oil, a non-toxic material. It is a fishway construction technology using eco-friendly materials that can allow vegetation to grow on the surface. In this study, an eco-friendly fishway mixed with biopolymer and aggregate was built on a real scale and the fish movement efficiency was tested and analyzed. As a result of the experiment, a total of 201 fish of 14 species were released with tags inserted, and the detection rate of released fish was confirmed to be 82.6% on average. A total of 40 fish of 6 species were transported upstream through the fishway, and the average passage rate was confirmed to be 21.7%. As a result of checking the circadian migration pattern, it was found that all fish mainly migrate during the day. It was confirmed that there was no significant functional difference between a fishway using biopolymer and a concrete fishway. It is believed that a fishway using biopolymer can be used as a replacement for a concrete fishway.
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to conduct a descriptive survey to examine the knowledge, infection prevention behaviors, and health beliefs regarding COVID-19 and to identify factors that influence infection prevention behaviors in elementary and middle school students based on the Health Belief Model. Methods: The study included 388 elementary and middle school students in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Jeonbuk provinces. Data were collected from September 1 to September 15, 2023. The questionnaire consisted of 10 questions about COVID-19 knowledge, 13 questions about infection prevention behaviors, and 15 questions about health beliefs. The collected data were subjected to multiple hierarchical regression analyses. The cronbach's α of infection prevention behaviors was 0.83, the KR-20 of COVID-19 related knowledge was 0.68, and the Cronbach's α of COVID-19 related health beliefs was 0. 78. Results: In Model 1, females showed higher levels of infection prevention behaviors than males (β=.14, p=.006) and middle school students showed lower levels of infection prevention behaviors than elementary school students (β=-.10, p=.037). In Model 2, among COVID-19-related health beliefs, barriers had a significant negative effect on infection prevention behaviors (β=-.20, p<.001) and cues to action had a significant positive effect on infection prevention behaviors (β=.14, p=.037), indicating that lower barriers and higher cues to action were associated with higher levels of infection prevention behaviors. Conclusion: The results showed that prevention behaviors were associated with lower barriers and higher cues to action among COVID-19 health beliefs. Elementary and middle school students in Korea spend a lot of time in groups at private academies or school, which are closed spaces with poor ventilation, making them vulnerable to new infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Unlike adults, infectious diseases can have serious impact on their mental and social health. Therefore, it is necessary for schools to provide accurate and timely health education about COVID-19 to increase cues to action for elementary and middle school students in order to improve their infection prevention behaviors.
Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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v.40
no.6
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pp.1464-1474
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2023
The purpose of this study is a descriptive study to identify the five factors of personality and grit on academic burnout of nursing students. The subjects of the study were 285 nursing college students attending the department of nursing located in S city. Data were collected through a self-report questionnaire from April 11 to June 13. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 29.0 program with descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis. In the result of this study, academic burnout had a negative correlation with grit(r=-.425, p<.001), agreeableness(r=-.330, p<.001). On the other hand, it showed a positive correlation with neuroticism (r=.384, p<.001). Two personality factors(neuroticism, agreeableness), major satisfaction, and grit were found to have a significant impact on academic burnout in nursing students. Therefore, It is necessary to develop counseling methods that can prevent academic burnout by utilizing the five personality factors of nursing students and to develop programs that can increase major satisfaction and grit and reduce academic burnout.
The study has examined alterations in groundwater quality by investigating the influence of rainfall on electrical conductivity (EC) and nitrate concentration in the groundwater of the Geum River Basin in South Korea. Mann Kendall and Sen's Slope estimator were employed to analyze the trends and estimate the trend's magnitude. The administrative map of the study area was utilized to assess the trends of these parameters within each administrative region. Seventeen years (from 2005 to 2021) of data on EC, groundwater levels (GWL), precipitation, and six years (from 2015 to 2020) of nitrate concentration data were utilized for this analysis. The results indicate that, in most administrative regions, there has been an increase in nitrate concentration, and EC, whereas precipitation has seen a slight decrease in a downstream and an increasing trend in upstream. The correlation coefficients calculated between these parameters reveal that there is no direct impact of precipitation on nitrate and EC, but a negative correlation was observed between GWL and EC. The most significant increasing trend in nitrate concentration was observed in two districts (Iksan and Gunsan ), which correspond to regions with significant agricultural activity; about 50% of these districts area are used for agricultural activities.
The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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v.10
no.3
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pp.593-604
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2024
This study examined the effect of leadership competence on job embeddedness among child co-residence workers to mitigate the negative impact of human resource management on their low job tenure and treatment. The study initially tested the mediating effects of social capital and organizational culture between the two variables, thereby suggesting ways to enhance job attendance among workers in children's shared family homes. The results of the study are as follows. Leadership competencies among child co-residence workers were found to have a positive effect not only on job embeddedness but also on social capital and organizational culture. Social capital and organizational culture were identified as mediators in the relationship between leadership competencies and job commitment The primary significance of this study lies in its identification of the relationship between leadership competence and job attendance - a factor previously overlooked. This finding offers a pathway to increase job attendance. Furthermore, the study expands the scope of relevant variables to include leadership competence, social capital, and organizational culture. Finally, it sheds light on the mediating effects of social capital and organizational culture on the relationship between leadership competence and job embeddedness.
Gyeong Ok Lee;Sue Won Lee;So Eun Choi;Seong Ri Kim;Nam Joo Je
The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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v.10
no.4
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pp.121-132
/
2024
This study attempted to determine the effects of job stress, nursing problem-solving ability, nursing work performance, and job stress and nursing problem-solving ability on nursing work performance according to the MBTI type of nurses. The study subjects were 141 nurses working at a medical institution in G Province, and data collection was conducted from March 01 to March 31, 2024. The collected data were analyzed using correlation and multiple regression analysis. Among the psychological function types of MBTI, the SF type (sympathetic and friendly type) was the most common, and among the psychological temperament types, the SP type (sensuous and open type) was the most common. Nursing work performance had a negative correlation with job resource stress, a positive correlation with nursing problem-solving ability, and a positive correlation with problem recognition, information collection, planning ability, and evaluation. The variable that had a significant impact on nursing work performance was job resources, and problem recognition, a subfactor of nursing problem-solving ability, was found to be the best predictor of nursing work performance, followed by planning ability. The explanatory power was 17.8%. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data to develop efficient nursing management guidelines by not only improving understanding of the personality of nurses but also investigating factors related to nurses' work performance. Through the development of programs and measures to improve nursing performance, it is necessary to revitalize programs, provide educational opportunities, and provide institutional support from hospital organizations to enable high-quality nursing care through skilled nursing work.
Anisa Nutu;Michael Wilson;Erin Ross;Kunal Joshi;Robert Sutcliffe;Keith Roberts;Ravi Marudanayagam;Paolo Muiesan;Nikolaos Chatzizacharias;Darius Mirza;John Isaac;Bobby V. M. Dasari
Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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v.26
no.3
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pp.257-262
/
2022
Backgrounds/Aims: Middle hepatic vein (MHV) is usually preserved as a part of the right or left hepatectomy in order preserve the venous outflow of remnant liver. The aim of this study was to evaluate if resection of MHV could influence post-resection outcomes of standard right or left hepatectomy. Methods: Patients who underwent standard right or left hepatectomy between January 2015 and December 2019 were included. Anatomical remnant liver volumes were measured retrospectively using the Hermes workstation (Hermes Medical Solutions AB, Stockholm, Sweden). Uni- and multi-variate analyses were performed to assess the difference in outcomes of those with preservation of MHV and those without preservation. Results: A total of 144 patients were included. Right hepatectomy was performed for 114 (79.2%) and left hepatectomy was performed for 30 (20.8%) patients. MHV was resected for 13 (9.0%) in addition to the standard right or left hepatectomy. Median remnant liver volume was significantly higher in the MHV resected group (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in serum level of bilirubin, international normalized ratio, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine on postoperative day 1, 3, 5, or 10, ≥ grade IIIa complications (p = 0.44), or 90-day mortality (p = 0.41). On multivariable analysis, resection of the MHV did not influence the incidence of post hepatectomy liver failure (p = 0.52). Conclusions: Resection of the MHV at standard right or left hepatectomy did not have a negative impact on postoperative outcomes of patients with adequate remnant liver volume.
Internet commerce has been growing at a rapid pace for the last decade. Many firms try to reach wider consumer markets by adding the Internet channel to the existing traditional channels. Despite the various benefits of the Internet channel, a significant number of firms failed in managing the new type of channel. Previous studies could not cleary explain these conflicting results associated with the Internet channel. One of the major reasons is most of the previous studies conducted analyses under a specific market condition and claimed that as the impact of Internet channel introduction. Therefore, their results are strongly influenced by the specific market settings. However, firms face various market conditions in the real worlddensity and disutility of using the Internet. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of various market environments on a firm's optimal channel strategy by employing a flexible game theory model. We capture various market conditions with consumer density and disutility of using the Internet.
shows the channel structures analyzed in this study. Before the Internet channel is introduced, a monopoly manufacturer sells its products through an independent physical store. From this structure, the manufacturer could introduce its own Internet channel (MI). The independent physical store could also introduce its own Internet channel and coordinate it with the existing physical store (RI). An independent Internet retailer such as Amazon could enter this market (II). In this case, two types of independent retailers compete with each other. In this model, consumers are uniformly distributed on the two dimensional space. Consumer heterogeneity is captured by a consumer's geographical location (ci) and his disutility of using the Internet channel (${\delta}_{N_i}$).
shows various market conditions captured by the two consumer heterogeneities.
(a) illustrates a market with symmetric consumer distributions. The model captures explicitly the asymmetric distributions of consumer disutility in a market as well. In a market like that is represented in
(c), the average consumer disutility of using an Internet store is relatively smaller than that of using a physical store. For example, this case represents the market in which 1) the product is suitable for Internet transactions (e.g., books) or 2) the level of E-Commerce readiness is high such as in Denmark or Finland. On the other hand, the average consumer disutility when using an Internet store is relatively greater than that of using a physical store in a market like (b). Countries like Ukraine and Bulgaria, or the market for "experience goods" such as shoes, could be examples of this market condition.
summarizes the various scenarios of consumer distributions analyzed in this study. The range for disutility of using the Internet (${\delta}_{N_i}$) is held constant, while the range of consumer distribution (${\chi}_i$) varies from -25 to 25, from -50 to 50, from -100 to 100, from -150 to 150, and from -200 to 200.
summarizes the analysis results. As the average travel cost in a market decreases while the average disutility of Internet use remains the same, average retail price, total quantity sold, physical store profit, monopoly manufacturer profit, and thus, total channel profit increase. On the other hand, the quantity sold through the Internet and the profit of the Internet store decrease with a decreasing average travel cost relative to the average disutility of Internet use. We find that a channel that has an advantage over the other kind of channel serves a larger portion of the market. In a market with a high average travel cost, in which the Internet store has a relative advantage over the physical store, for example, the Internet store becomes a mass-retailer serving a larger portion of the market. This result implies that the Internet becomes a more significant distribution channel in those markets characterized by greater geographical dispersion of buyers, or as consumers become more proficient in Internet usage. The results indicate that the degree of price discrimination also varies depending on the distribution of consumer disutility in a market. The manufacturer in a market in which the average travel cost is higher than the average disutility of using the Internet has a stronger incentive for price discrimination than the manufacturer in a market where the average travel cost is relatively lower. We also find that the manufacturer has a stronger incentive to maintain a high price level when the average travel cost in a market is relatively low. Additionally, the retail competition effect due to Internet channel introduction strengthens as average travel cost in a market decreases. This result indicates that a manufacturer's channel power relative to that of the independent physical retailer becomes stronger with a decreasing average travel cost. This implication is counter-intuitive, because it is widely believed that the negative impact of Internet channel introduction on a competing physical retailer is more significant in a market like Russia, where consumers are more geographically dispersed, than in a market like Hong Kong, that has a condensed geographic distribution of consumers. illustrates how this happens. When mangers consider the overall impact of the Internet channel, however, they should consider not only channel power, but also sales volume. When both are considered, the introduction of the Internet channel is revealed as more harmful to a physical retailer in Russia than one in Hong Kong, because the sales volume decrease for a physical store due to Internet channel competition is much greater in Russia than in Hong Kong. The results show that manufacturer is always better off with any type of Internet store introduction. The independent physical store benefits from opening its own Internet store when the average travel cost is higher relative to the disutility of using the Internet. Under an opposite market condition, however, the independent physical retailer could be worse off when it opens its own Internet outlet and coordinates both outlets (RI). This is because the low average travel cost significantly reduces the channel power of the independent physical retailer, further aggravating the already weak channel power caused by myopic inter-channel price coordination. The results implies that channel members and policy makers should explicitly consider the factors determining the relative distributions of both kinds of consumer disutility, when they make a channel decision involving an Internet channel. These factors include the suitability of a product for Internet shopping, the level of E-Commerce readiness of a market, and the degree of geographic dispersion of consumers in a market. Despite the academic contributions and managerial implications, this study is limited in the following ways. First, a series of numerical analyses were conducted to derive equilibrium solutions due to the complex forms of demand functions. In the process, we set up V=100, ${\lambda}$=1, and ${\beta}$=0.01. Future research may change this parameter value set to check the generalizability of this study. Second, the five different scenarios for market conditions were analyzed. Future research could try different sets of parameter ranges. Finally, the model setting allows only one monopoly manufacturer in the market. Accommodating competing multiple manufacturers (brands) would generate more realistic results.
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