• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.397-402
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• 2014

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between axial length (AL) and anthropometric parameters in Korean children. Methods: This study included 40 urban school children aged 11-12 years (mean age, $11.95{\pm}0.22$ years; 45.0% girls) residing in Seoul, South Korea. AL (using partial coherence laser interferometry), corneal radius, refractive error, height (m), and weight (kg) were measured. Body mass index (BMI $[kg/m^2]=weight/[height]^2$) and degree of obesity (DO[%]=[actual weight standard weight]/standard weight) were calculated. Furthermore, the number of hours spent reading, watching television, and using a computer every day was determined using a detailed questionnaire. Results: The students had a mean spherical equivalent refraction of $1.06{\pm}0.84$ D. Weight (r=0.427, p=0.006), BMI (r=0.508, p=0.001), and DO (r=0.371, p=0.018) showed a significant positive correlation with AL. Furthermore, longer AL was significantly associated with heavier weight (p=0.041), and higher BMI (p=0.015), and higher DO quartiles (p=0.042). After adjust for age, sex, and near-work activities, multivariate linear regression models showed that weight, BMI, and DO were still significantly associated with AL. Among the near-work activities, daily reading time was significantly associated with AL. Conclusions: AL was positively related to weight as well as daily reading time in Korean urban school children.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.147-161
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• 2010

As broadcasting and communication are converged recently, communication is jointed to TV. TV viewing has brought about many changes. The IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) provides information service, movie contents, broadcast, etc. through internet with live programs + VOD (Video on demand) jointed. Using communication network, it becomes an issue of new business. In addition, new technical issues have been created by imaging technology for the service, networking technology without video cuts, security technologies to protect copyright, etc. Through this IPTV network, users can watch their desired programs when they want. However, IPTV has difficulties in search approach, menu approach, or finding programs. Menu approach spends a lot of time in approaching programs desired. Search approach can't be found when title, genre, name of actors, etc. are not known. In addition, inserting letters through remote control have problems. However, the bigger problem is that many times users are not usually ware of the services they use. Thus, to resolve difficulties when selecting VOD service in IPTV, a personalized service is recommended, which enhance users' satisfaction and use your time, efficiently. This paper provides appropriate programs which are fit to individuals not to save time in order to solve IPTV's shortcomings through filtering and recommendation-related system. The proposed recommendation system collects TV program information, the user's preferred program genres and detailed genre, channel, watching program, and information on viewing time based on individual records of watching IPTV. To look for these kinds of similarities, similarities can be compared by using ontology for TV programs. The reason to use these is because the distance of program can be measured by the similarity comparison. TV program ontology we are using is one extracted from TV-Anytime metadata which represents semantic nature. Also, ontology expresses the contents and features in figures. Through world net, vocabulary similarity is determined. All the words described on the programs are expanded into upper and lower classes for word similarity decision. The average of described key words was measured. The criterion of distance calculated ties similar programs through K-medoids dividing method. K-medoids dividing method is a dividing way to divide classified groups into ones with similar characteristics. This K-medoids method sets K-unit representative objects. Here, distance from representative object sets temporary distance and colonize it. Through algorithm, when the initial n-unit objects are tried to be divided into K-units. The optimal object must be found through repeated trials after selecting representative object temporarily. Through this course, similar programs must be colonized. Selecting programs through group analysis, weight should be given to the recommendation. The way to provide weight with recommendation is as the follows. When each group recommends programs, similar programs near representative objects will be recommended to users. The formula to calculate the distance is same as measure similar distance. It will be a basic figure which determines the rankings of recommended programs. Weight is used to calculate the number of watching lists. As the more programs are, the higher weight will be loaded. This is defined as cluster weight. Through this, sub-TV programs which are representative of the groups must be selected. The final TV programs ranks must be determined. However, the group-representative TV programs include errors. Therefore, weights must be added to TV program viewing preference. They must determine the finalranks.Based on this, our customers prefer proposed to recommend contents. So, based on the proposed method this paper suggested, experiment was carried out in controlled environment. Through experiment, the superiority of the proposed method is shown, compared to existing ways.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.103-113
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• 1988

The analysis of the visual impairment and refractive errors among 4,004 school children in Seoul in 1986 with ancilliary questionnaire on various socio-environmental and visual factors was conducted. The number of the student with subnormal vision (0.7 or less) was 1,552 (38,8 %), and the rate of subnormal vision was increased with the higher grading of the school classes. Rate of myopes among the 1,552 students vision 0.7 or less consists of 52 % in primary school, 83.5 % in middle school, and 94 % in high school, and they were increased with the higher grading of the school class. The acutest increase of rates were observed at the stages of 2nd year class of male, and 1st year class of female at the middle school. Among the glasses-wearer of myopic students of vision 0.5 or less, the rate of adequately corrected cases was 42.5 %, whereas the overcorrected in 6.8 %, and undercorrected in 49.3 %. The main reasons of glasses negligence among the non-possessor of glasses with the vision of 0.5 or less were indicated in prominence of numbers of' "no complaints without glasses" (42 %). "unawareness of visual disturbance" (20%), "annoyance with wearing glasses" (13.4%), and "no permission from parents" (11.5 %) rather than the "economical reasons". The amblyopic components were estimated 126 cases (3.2%) in combination of refractive errors. According to the analysis of ancilliary questionnaire, the-conclusion with the statistical significance was that the myopization of the children's eyes appeared susceptible with a number of socio-environmental factors including the eating habits, length of T.V. watching period and distance, reading distance and type of illumination during near work, and school achievement. The possibility of prevention in some extents of progress of the myopia following the improvement of the relevant environmental factors in younger stage of children would be considered as deducible one.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.77-90
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the residents' use and occupancy-behavior in the activity areas of the senior nursing facilities, and to provide basic information to establish the appropriate physical elements for planning the activity areas. For the study, the observations in five facilities were conducted for one day, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m by four researchers. The results of the study are summarized as follows: First, most of the using behaviors in the activity areas were the doing nothing or sleeping. The meals and program services were provided in only one activity area of the floor and it showed that the unit care system was perfunctorily conducted at those facilities. In the representative activity area, its openness was the main physical element influencing the spatial using frequency, while the accessibility and the openness in the sub-activity area were most important. The seating arrangements having comers were helpful for residents' interactions. Second, while facility programs and meals were provided in the specific activity area, there was no residents' occupancy in other activity areas at the same time. There were interactions including residents' conversations and watching/observations in non-designated activity areas such as the nursing stations and near corridors. But the residents' interactions and self-regulations were blocked by absence of territoriality, monotonous spatial compositions and furniture arrangements, insecurity of residents' privacy, wide or narrow areas, and isolated spatial type. Based on the results at the above, basic guidelines for planning the activity areas of senior nursing facilities can be proposed as follows: First, the isolated type and the sight interception should be avoided in representative activity areas. It should be partitioned with couple of areas through the appropriate furniture arrangements, and be prepared semi-private spaces in non-designated areas such as nursing station for the interactions among the residents and the staff. Second, in activity areas for small group, the isolated type is not also good for the residents' accessibility. The residents' privacy should be confirmed through the various spatial compositions, and enough areas need to be sure for the diverse furniture arrangements.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.258-273
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• 2011

This paper designs and implements a multi-view 3D video player system which is operated faster than existing video player systems. The structure for obtaining the near optimum speed in a multi-processor environment by parallelizing the component modules is proposed to process large volumes of multi-view image data at high speed. In order to use the concurrency of bottleneck, we designed image decoding, synthesis and rendering modules in a pipeline structure. For load balancing, the decoder module is divided into the unit of viewpoint, and the image synthesis module is geometrically divided based on synthesized images. As a result of this experiment, multi-view images were correctly synthesized and the 3D sense could be felt when watching the images on the multi-view autostereoscopic display. The proposed application processing structure could be used to process large volumes of multi-view image data at high speed, using the multi-processors to their maximum capacity.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.81-89
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• 2008

Because of the development of modern medical science and increased longevity of elderly due to better health care: we are facing a new growing generation of "silver" senior citizens. In near future we will see a slow increase in senior spare time activities in our society. In this study the types of the spare time activities are researched and analyzed. Over the age of 60 most seniors spend ample time watching television and sleeping. Amazingly, in the second age group, seniors aged forty to fifty, when shown to the wonders of internet and cyber technology tend to accept and desire it. It is expected be seen this trend will increase. Secondly, in the case that seniors in their forties and fifties are entering into the silver generation, we can expect more promising multimedia content developed for the elderly.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.38-53
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• 2007

Nowadays, as it goes on digitalization of the broadcasting and the convergence of the broadcasting and communications , it has been developed into the ubiquitous individual media consuming pattern which can easily and comfortably consume the favorite contents through any devices at anytime and/or anywhere. For this, in this paper, we propose personalized broadcasting service that can provide a convenient access of the contents that users want to watch at anytime by considering the user preference and consumption characteristics as well as an efficient browsing and watching of the particular program segments more advanced than the data broadcasting services. Moreover, it is implemented the TV-Anytime standard based on personalized broadcasting terminal platform by us. The developed services and terminal will used on broadcasting environment in which many services and the contents. The result of that is the broadcasters/service providers and content providers can provide differential broadcasting services which is suitable to each user such as personalized broadcasting service in near future.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.187-195
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• 2024

Objective: Physical activity can promote physical and mental well-being. University students are more sedentary recently due to the increased use of computers and other technology. The aim of this study was to investigate differences between immersive 360-degree virtual cycling (IVC) and virtual cycling with head-mounted display (VCHMD) on aerobic capacity and usability in young adults. Design: A crossover study. Methods: Twenty-five university students (13 male, 12 female) participated in this study and completed 2 separate 30 min cycling sessions, such as IVC and VCHMD. In the IVC, participants rode on a stationary cycle while watching curved TV where recorded video was played. To enhance the sense of realism, auditory stimulation was given to the headset, and the gyroscope sensor was used to track the screen as the head moved. In the VCHMD, participants rode on the stationary cycle with head-mounted display, and other conditions were the same as IVC. Participants were assessed the aerobic capacity which included gas analyzer and portable near-infrared spectroscopy, and usability which included simulator sickness questionnaire and system usability scale. Results: Aerobic capacity was significantly difference in the IVC compared with the VCHMD except for the total hemoglobin of right and left rectus femoris and muslce oxygen saturation of left rectus femoris (p<0.05). Cybersickness was less in the IVC than VCHMD and usability was high in the IVC than VCHMD (p<0.05). Conclusions: The findings suggested that IVC might be beneficial exericse to improve aerobic capacity and has lower cybersickness and higher usability than VCHMD.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.363-369
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• 2014

Purpose: Three-dimensional (3D) displays are very useful in many fields, but induce physical discomforts in some people. This study is to assess symptom type and severity of asthenopia with their habitual distance corrective spectacle (HDCS) and their binocular vision corrective spectacle lenses (BVCSL) in people who feel physical discomforts. Methods: 35 adult subjects (ages $32.2{\pm}4.4$ yrs) were pre-screened out of 98 individuals to have the highest symptom/asthenopia scores following 65 minutes of 3D television viewing with HDCS. These 35 individuals were then retested symptom/asthenopia scores during they watched 3D television for 65 minutes at a distance of 2.7 m with wearing BVCSL of horizontal, vertical or base down yoked prisms. A 4-point symptom-rating scale questionnaire (0=no symptom and 3=severe) was used to assess 11 symptoms (e.g., blur, diplopia, etc.) related to visual fatigue/visual discomfort. Distance and near lateral phoria were measured using Howell phoria card and vertical phoria were measured using Maddox rod. Symptoms induced by watching 3D TV were compared between wearing HDCS and BVCSL. Results: Asthenopia in watching 3D TV with wearing BVCS was significantly lower than wearing HDCS at 5, 25, 45, and 65 minutes (all p < 0.001, paired t-tests). In only refractive error power correction power group, all asthenopia was not significantly different between HDCS and BVCSL (all $p{\geq}0.05$, paired t-tests). In prism correction groups for binocular imbalance, symptoms of asthenopia, however, was significantly lower for when wearing BVCSL than when wearing HDCS (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Correction of phoria/vergence-based binocular vision imbalance can reduce asthenopia during 3D television viewing. An individual with binocular vision imbalance need corrected/compensated glasses with appropriate prisms prior to prolonged viewing of 3D television displays to reduce asthenopia/visual fatigue.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.87-106
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• 1994

Owing to the use of many cultural facilities, the elevation of life standards and the high level progress of industry, visual impairment was on increasing trends. Especially due to studying for many hours, the myopia of adolescents became a serious social issue. The purpose of this study was to understand adolescent's wearing glasses and eyesight condition, whether the primary myopia factor and the subjective symptoms were different between the myopia group and the normal group, between the wearing glasses group and the non-wearing glasses group, and the effect on physical, mental and study activity of myopia. The subject of investigation was 627 middle school students in Seoul and the investigation was accomplished from July 7th, 1993 to July 12th, 1993. The data were analyzed by the percentage, x²-test, t-test and ANOVA of SPSS. The results were as followed; 1. The rate of the right and left eyesights higher than 0.8 in the normal group was 47.0%, and those less than 0.7 in the myopia group was 53.0%. In the boy students, the normal group was 54.1%, the myopia group was 45.9%. In the girl students, the normal group was 39.2%, the myopia group was 60.8%. Therefore the girl students' myopia rates were higher than the boy students', and this result was significant(p<0.01). 2. The rate of wearing glasses of the middle school students was 44.6%. The rate of wearing glasses of the girl students was 56.8%. The rate of wearing glasses of the girl students was higher than that of the boy students 43.2%. The rate of necessary glasses of the middle school students was 6.1% and the rate of necessary glasses of the boy students was 7.9%, the rate of necessary glasses of the girl students was 4.1%. 3. In case of a family member of the student wear glasses, the rate of wearing glasses was higher. 4. In the myopia group, the main reason for not wearing glasses was "Uncomfortable"(63.3% in the boy students, 40% in the girl students). In case of the girl students, "Nonpermission of their parents" was 18.7% and remarkably higher than 5.1% in case of the boy students. 5. The factor of myopia was that "The bad attitude of watching TV closely" was 19.9%, that "The dimly-lit room" was 6.6%. 6. In order to protect eyesight, the rate of the students who practiced "Looking at something from afar 3∼4times a day" was 37.3%, the rate of the students who did "Eye exercise" was 17.5%, the rate of the students who took "A medicine for promoting nutrition" was 12.9%. The rate of taking the medicine was higher than 3.5% in the normal eyesight group. 7. After near working, the point of subjective symptoms was higher in the myopia group than in the normal group and in the wearing glasses group than in the unwearing group and in the girl students than in the boy students. 8. The longer time to watch TV, the higher point of subjective symptoms. The longer distance to watch TV, the lower point of subjective symptoms(p<0.05).