• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.295-301
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• 2013

The diversity and biomass distribution of benthic diatom flora at tidal flats of Hampyeong Bay were studied from 2006 to 2013 as a part of KLTER Program. A total of 83 species (77 strains in 2006, 65 strains in 2007, 41 strains in 2008, 45 strains in 2009, 54 strains in 2010, 55 strains in 2011, 56 strains in 2012 and 40 strains in 2012) were identified as benthic diatoms of Hampyeong Bay tidal flats. The most dominant species were Paralia sulcata and Cyclotella litoralis. Cyclotella sp., Diploneis sp., Entomoneis alata, Gyrosigma sp., Navicula abunda, Navicula gregaria, Navicula spp. and Nitzschia palea were the other common species which contributed to the high benthic diatom biomass in the Bay. The diversity of benthic diatoms varied according to the sample stations and seasons. The highest diversity was observed in August samples. The range of chlorophyll- a concentration in sediments of tidal flats for 8 years was 21~65 mg $m^{-2}$. The standing crops of benthic diatoms varied according to the studied stations and sampled seasons. The number of taxa and standing crops showed decreasing tendency year after year from all sampled stations. The distributions of standing crops and cell volumes of benthic diatoms showed similar pattern. The taxa and biomass of benthic diatoms showed low correlation coefficients with temperature variables expressed as the following equations $Y=-0.0208X^2+0.5264X+19.529(r^2=0.0269)$ and $Y=-0.9181X^2+27.011X+310.07(r^2=0.0797)$ respectively.

• ALGAE
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2005

A study on the seasonal changes in the phytoplankton community was carried out in four aquaculture ponds of Bangladesh over a period of 16 months from August 2000 to November 2001. Out of 45 phytoplankton species identified, 30 belong to Cyanophyceae, 7 to Chlorophyceae, 5 to Bacillariophyceae and 3 to Euglenophyceae. The highest phytoplankton abundance was observed in spring followed by early autumn, summer, and the lowest was in winter. The annual succession of Cyanophyceae was characterized by spring and early autumn period dominated by Microcystis sp. Anabaena sp. and Planktolymbya sp. with Microcystis sp. as the main blue-green algae represented. Chlorophyceae was characterized by rainy season domination of Chlorella vulgaris, Pediastrum sp. and Scenedesmus denticulatus with maximum abundance of Chlorella vulgaris. Whereas Bacillariophyceae was dominant during the winter period. Navicula angusta and Cyclotella meneghiniana were the most frequently occurring species of Bacillariophyceae throughout the study period. Euglenophyceae was dominant in late autumn and Euglena sp. was the dominant species. The effect of various physicochemical water quality parameters on the seasonal distribution and succession of the above mentioned phytoplankton population as well as the interaction and eutrophication are discussed.

• ALGAE
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.217-226
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• 2004

The present study is to examine the water quality and to analyze the plank tonic and benthic phytoplankton communities at 6 stations in the Dong River and its tributary streams of Kangwon Province from November, 2001 to March, 2002. During the studies, water temperature ranged from 3.5 to 12.8℃; pH, 6.5-7.9; DO, 9.29-11.36 mg·l^(-1); BOD_5, 0.20-2.38 mg·l^(-1); TN, 1.2842-3.1871 mg·l^(-1); TP, 0.0052-0.0576 mg·l^(-1); and SS, 0.85-9.62 mg·l^(-1). The standard of water quality according to the Korean Environmental Preservation Law showed the first class except St. 6 through the survey. Six taxa of plank tonic phytoplankton identified were poor flora in November, 2001. The representative species frequently observed were the diatoms Achnanthes lanceolata, Achnanthes minutissima, Cymbella minuta, Cymbella parva, Diatoma vulgare, Fragilaria construens, Gomphonema pervulum, Navicula cryptocephala, Nitzschia palea., Scenedesmus sp. of green algae and Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Monthly dominant species of phytoplankton were Achnanthes lanceolata and A. minutissima in both February and March, 2002, but the blue-green algae, Oscillatoria sp. and the diatom, Stephan discus hantzschii were predominant at some stations in March. Phytoplankton standing crops ranged from 9.84 ${\times}$ 10$^3$ to 3.56 ${\times}$ 10$^4$ cell·l$^{-1}$ in November and 1.68-2.99 ${\times}$ 10$^5$ cell·l$^{-1}$ in February, while it changed 4.52-8.01 ${\times}$ 10$^5$ cell·l$^{-1}$ at St. 1, 2, 3 and 1.03-1.71 ${\times}$ 10$^6$ cell·l$^{-1}$ at St. 4, 5, 6 in March. Benthic phytoplankton communities was composed of 38 taxa in November, 31 taxa in February and 23 taxa in March. It showed a contrary tendency to planktonic phytoplankton diversity. Benthic diatoms which were more than 25% of the total populations were Cymbella turgida, Diatoma vulgare, Cocconeis placentula, Navicula cryptocephala var. intermedia in November; Achnanthe lanceolata, Cocconeis placentula, Achnanthes minutissima in February; and Achnanthes lanceolata and Cyclotella meneghiniana in March.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.257-270
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• 1987

Fouling communities developing in Jinhae Harbor and Masan Bay were studied by slide and panel immersion test during the period from Dec., 1982 to Nov., 1983. The total viable count of bacteria was estimated more than 1.7${\times}$ 10$\^$4/CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ after 15 days of immersion and 46 taxa of benthic diatoms were classified in micro-community. Progressional change of fouling communities was clearly shown and dominant diatom species are Licmophora flavellata, Navicula grevillei, and Nitzschia closterium Major macrofouling organisms are Mytilus edulis, Balanus amphitrite amphitrite, Hydroides ezoensis, and Celleporina sp. Wet weight production of macrofouling organisms exceeds 500g/100cm$\^$2/ after 5months of immersion. Regional defferences in community development are clearly shown in two study areas, and mainly due to the disparities of physicochemical stability and nutritional status of ambient water. Seasonality of larvae and the growth rate are the important factors in fouling community development. Overall process of community development is as follow : bacteria and diatoms-multicellular algae-barnacle, mussels and polychaete-sponge, anemone and ascidian.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.311-319
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• 2008

To understand the relative immigration activities (RIA) of hibernal diatom community in Lake Ilgam (at the station with and without macrophyte) and River Han (at the station with different current and nutrient), a natural and artificial bed substrate was deposited from 15 to 29 January 2008. For the study period, both waters comprised huge biomass of diatom, over 75% of total abundance. Nutrients in water column, ash-free dry matter (AFDM) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in substrates were decreased with increasing of current in rivers, while in lakes the macrophyte largely affected the diatom community and water quality. Algal RIA in rivers was high at stations with high concentration of nutrient, AFDM and Chl-a, and in high nutrients and no macrophytes in lakes, respectively. The species showing a higher RIA was Nitzschia amphibia in rivers and Aulacoseira italica in lakes, while the dominant species were Navicula sp. in rivers and Syndera acus in lakes, suggesting no relationship between water algal biomass and its RIA. These results suggest that the RIA of stream diatom community depends exclusively on the current, while the planktonic diatom in lake was of the macrophyte.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.305-315
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• 1983

A survey was carried out from July to December in 1979 and 1982 for the investigation of oceanographic conditions and phytoplankton in Seogwipo coastal area. Although a peculiar coastal sea water is formed by in flowing of fresh water, this is developed mainly in summer and disappeared or weakened in its strength after November. However, this coastal sea water covers only the surface while in mid and bottom layer open sea water is approached to the coast. Therefore, coastal and open sea water appears simultaneously in narrow sea area. Mean values of nutrient concentrates on surface layer during investigating period were $3.72{\sim}16.34{\mu}g-at/l$ in silicate, $1.98{\sim}5.53{\mu}g-at/l$ in nitrate and $0.34{\sim}0.90{\mu}g-at/l$ in phosphate. These showed slight differences among places but in general coastal side were lower than open sea side. Phosphates which is the lowest in concentrates among nutrients in Seogwipo coastal area shows almost similar value with Jinhae Bay but higher than open sea water around 10 mile south of Seogwipo. In general, seasonal changes of nutrients in investigating period shows a tendency of the lowest in October, increasing in November, and again slight decrease in December. As a phytoplankton fauna, 48 species, 1 variety and 2 breeds of Diatoms, 29 species, 3 varieties and 1 breed fo Dinoflagellates, and 1 species each of Chroococcus and Trichoceratium were found. Monthly predominant species are all neritic: Rhizosolenia sp. and Ceratium sp. in August, Chaetoceros sp., Ceratium sp. and Peridinium sp. in September, Astrionella sp. and Peridinium sp. in October, Astrionella sp., Navicula sp. and Chaetoceros sp. in November Among these, Rhizosolenia alata f. gracillima in August and Astrionella gracillima in November are remarkable predominant.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2013

Even though seedling production of Haliotis discus hannai has fully developed, the culture of benthic diatom as a live food for larvae is still a barrier to solve in commercial hatchery. The farmer depends on mixed microalgae which are non-selectively attached on the plate by flowing of natural seawater. The adequate diatom on the plate for the larvae in terms of quality and quantity is always significant bottleneck in the hatchery. In this study, two benthic diatom species, Caloneis schroederi and Rhaphoneis sp. were separately cultured in mass and inoculated to four tons' settlement tank of the larvae. And the larvae and the spats were cultured for nineteen and nine weeks, respectively. The result on seedling production of H. discus hannai with this method was compared to that of the farmer's traditional method as a control. With regard to variation of species composition of benthic diatom on the plate, C. schroederi and Rhaphoneis sp. were dominant for first three weeks after inoculation. But the diverse diatoms mainly, Navicula, Amphora, Cylindrotheca, Licmophora, Pleurosigma began to attache on the plate from the 4th week. The larvae attached 2.5 times more in C. schroederi tank than in the control tank. The final total biomass of the seeds in Rhaphoneis sp. tank was 3.2 times more than that of the control tank. The retared-spats in the seedling production also showed significantly higher growth and survival in the spat fed Rhaphoneis sp. or C. schroederi than those in the control group. We suggest that C. schroederi is proper for settlement of the larvae and Rhaphoneis sp. is appropriate for the growth of the larvae and spats in the commercial hatchery of H. discus hannai.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.715-724
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• 2003

Distributional patterns of microalgae were studied in the tidal flats of Gamami Beach(Young-Gwang, Korea) from November 1999 to 2000 July. The tidal flats of Gamami Beach was composed mainly of sandy sediment. The concentrations of nutrients were low compared with other tidal flats. In the present study, 68 species of microalgal flora were identified. These were comprised of 25 species of benthic microalgae and 59 species of planktonic microalgae. Diatoms predominated the benthic microalgae with 96.0% of total species occurred. Dominant species were Amphora sp., Cocconeis sp., Coscinodiscus asteromphalus, Coscinodiscus sp., Nitzschia sigma var. intermedia, Nitzschia distans, Navicula spp., Paralia sulcata, Pleurosigma sp. Skeletonema coastatum, and Surirella sp. Among them, Amphora sp., Paralia sulcata, and species of Pleurosigma and Nitzschia were observed throughout the studied period. Planktonic microalgae of Gamami Beach was also predominated by diatoms. They occupied 88.1% of total planktonic microalgae. The density of microalgal population was higher in silty sediment than in sandy sediment. The population density of microalgae was higher in high tide zone than that in low tide zone. The density of the benthic microalgae in the surface layer of tidal flats showed increasing tendency for 2 hours after the beginning of ebb tide. On the contrary, benthic microalgal density of subsurface layer was decreased during the period. Concentrations of chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ from sediment and water were not synchronized during the study period. Therefore, the distributional patterns of the benthic microalgae and planktonic algae seemed not to be related. Chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ of water was highly related with the concentration of NH$_4$-N, whereas, chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ of sediment uas related with NO$_3$-N concentration.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.408-414
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• 1990

Phytoplankton dominant species and the relationship between nutrient concentrations and salinity in the Yeosu Haeman were investigated in April, June and August, 1989. The dominant species in the Yeosu Haeman were similar with those reported previously in the inner Kwangyang Bay except a diatom, Navicula sp. in April. The species seems to be advected to the surface from the bottom during the dredging operation. Nitrate concentrations were negatively correlated with salinity during the study period, while silicate and phosphate concentrations had no relationships with salinity except in April. It seems that biological uptake of nitrate was not significant, but concentrations of silicate and phosphate were affected by the phytoplankton uptake in the Yeosu Haeman.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2011

This research was to examine the biological pollution class by color of the polluted section and calculate the biological pollution coverages of 9 stone heritages in Korea, from June to November 2008. Three storied stone pagoda in Mulgeol-ri, Hongcheon, Three storied stone pagoda in Suta Temple and Stupa to Hongudang in Sutasa Temple showed 90% biological pollution coverage and each stone cultural heritages showed 15~23% range of Bryophyte coverage, proving severe biological pollution. The Four-lion three storied stone pagoda of Gwaeseok-ri, Three storied stone pagoda in Suta Temple and Stupa to Hongudang in Sutasa Temple showed the worst biological pollution class by color of class 5. Three storied stone pagoda in Chang-ri showed satisfactory level of class 2. The result of the correlation analysis between biological pollution class and the biological pollution coverage of lichen showed high correlation coefficient of 0.91, however, the correlation analysis between biological pollution class and bryophyte or aerial algae coverage showed the low correlation coefficient. Eight taxa among all the aerial algae, Cosmarium decedens, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Anabaena fertilissima, Botryococcus braunii, Chroococcus turgidus, Navicula cryptocephala and Xenococcus acervatus showed high correlation coefficient of 0.56~0.85 with biological pollution coverage of bryophyte, in the correlation analysis. The correlation coefficient between biological pollution coverage of lichen, Trebouxia sp. and Chroococcus varius, had a range between 0.43 to 0.50. The correlation coefficient between biological pollution coverage of aerial algae, Achnanthes laterostrata and Ulothrix zonata showed a range of 0.57 to 0.76. Since the aerial algae with high correlation between biological pollution coverage showed clear appearance tendency, they can be used as indicator.