• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.94-100
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• 1999

Stone is one of the oldest material for construction and artistic works. This study investigates the current use of stones in landscape constructional works, and the design criteria to advance the arts of natural stone arrangements. Thirty four experts and thirty two others were surveyed with various photos of simulated construction works of natural stone arrangements fond improved design guidelines. Major findings are as follows: -The payment for the use of stones ranges approximately 5 to 10% of total cost of landscape constructional works. More stones may be used when better retailing system is introduced, working skill is standardized, and more of the substitute natural stones made of blasted rocks are provided and the cost goes down. -Preferences showed little difference for the mixed use of different sizes, colors and shapes of stones, and for the use of similar ones, in the construction of walls. This does not match with the current design guidelines. -Arranging three stones, which symbolizes heaven, earth, and human being, was the most preferred. As the supply of natural stones is limited and more substitute stones are used, it its needed to establish guidelines for the production of substitute stones. -Grasses are much more preferred between pavement stones than mortars. -In current practices, top of piled up natural stones is usually arranged level. More freely curved top lines are preferred to straight line.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.1932-1940
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• 2024

The current work deals with investigation of the gamma ray shielding properties for various natural stones from Vietnam to be applied in the radiation shielding applications. The physical and chemical properties affecting the γ-ray shielding performance were examined. The MH-300A density meter was utilized to measure the density (ρ, g/cm³) of stone samples, as well as the chemical composition of Vietnamese natural stones was measured using the X-ray fluorescence analyzer (Olympus X-5000). The study shows that the increase in Fe + Ca concentrations within the stone samples increases their density (from 2.48 to 2.86 g/cm³) accompanied with a reduction in the porosity (Φ, %) (from 8.23 to 0.15%) and water absorption (K, %) (from 3.42 to 0.05%) factors. Additionally, the increase in Fe + Ca concentrations increases the linear attenuation coefficient (μ, cm^-1) of the studied stones, where the Vietnamese marble stone (M 3.1) with the highest Fe + Ca concentration (65.97 wt%) has the highest linear attenuation coefficient which varied between 3.781 and 0.155 cm^-1 with raising the gamma ray energy between 0.040 and 1.332 MeV.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4883-4888
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• 2012

In materials science, one of the new concerns in the construction industry, it is well established that mineral dust from rocks (stones) has adverse effects on human health. For instance, it is suspected that some mineral dusts in particular leads to occupational diseases, including lung cancer. The present research concerned the relationship between cancer and those workers who work in Turkish construction industry and quarries and are exposed to silica mineral dust from natural stones. One focus was cancer prevention methods applied in-site. In mining and construction industry where stone dust is widely used, silicosis induced lung cancer is frequently seen. Cancer cases which are seen across the regions mostly affected by silica containing dust in Turkey were identified and a survey was conducted of the methods to protect workers in the construction industry from exposure to silica dust.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.249-254
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• 2002

In Korea, due to the shortcomings of natural aggregates and increasing needs of crushed stones, it is necessary to examine the alkali-aggregate reaction of the crushed stones. The purpose of this study is to analyze petrographic properties and alkali-aggregate reaction of crushed stones This study was peformed to investigate the alkali-aggregate reaction of crushed stones using chemical analysis, physical properties, XRD, XRF and mortar-bar method.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 1994

The fundamental studies for exploit natural resources was investigated on Uljin pottery stones that estimated the amount of mineral deposits at 350 million tons. The results obtained are as follows; In the chemical composition of Uljin pottery stones the amount of Al2O3 are a little compared with other pottery stones and that of Na2O and K2O are a large. Fe2O3 content is lower than 0.3 wt%, thus whiteness of its is 83. The major minerals composition of Uljin pottery stones are quartz and feldspar mineral. The refractoriness (SK) of its is 14. Lattice constants of quartz in Uljin pottery stones are 4.8865 $\AA$ in a-axis and 5.3852 $\AA$ in c-axis. Lattice constants were expanded by HCl treatment and sintering. Microstructures of Uljin pottery stones are linked up with the crystal particles under 10 microns in size.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1992.10a
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• pp.25-30
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• 1992

Since the first report on the damage of concrete structures due to alkali-aggregate reaction by T.E Stanton in 1940, cases of the damage are being reported in many countries. in the country, it is necessary to research the alkali-aggregate reaction of the crushed stone because of the short comings of natural aggregate and increasing needs of crushed stones. In this research, crushed stones from 63 local sites are collected and tested by ASTM C 289 chemical method.. The results show that most of the crushed stones are innocuous. However, the crushed stones from three sites are deleterious to the reaction by JIS A 5308. Petrographic and Mortar-Bar test will be carried out to find out any possibility of deleteriousness of the crushed stones

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2000

The main purpose of this research is to show the consideration of the geographical effects related with its features and configuration on the height of the wall in Hwasong. The method of this research is based on old documentary records and actual measuring. The result of this research is to take advantage of nature geographical features and configuration. First the castle of wall construction is based on outside defensive protection, mainly it was made of stones or bricks. And took advantage of its natural environment. According to circumstance, there were two kinds of general method to build the wall., Second It was considered, They had so many difficulty to move stones to build wall, especially to rugged hilly steep mountain. Third There were three kinds of stones to build wall, Bottom stones were piled with Big stones, because of its stability. Third There were three kinds of stones to build wall, Bottom stones were piled with Big stones, because of its stability. On top of the wall was built with small stones it shows good harmony with small, middle, big size stones. It is considered not only stability but also beauty of appearance. Fourth Placing ChiSung was able to adjust height of wall low at the same time it was also taken advantage of a active defensive power. The suggestion of this research is to take advantage f nature geographical features and at the same time it was a perfect way to save the cost of construction. The further research of this should be continued to deepen because, it is the early stage, so it is maningful of eoffering a guidance for the furder research. in this research has a number of important question remain unsolved.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2010

This research was conducted to understand the characteristics and traits of Baekje's palace backyard by studying and analyzing the usage, shape, size, material, and place of origin of the odd-shaped stones found at the remains of Baekje's palace in Waggung-ri, Iksan. The results of the research are as following. The odd-shaped stones found at the Baekje palace backyard were used for two purposes. Some of the stones were used as heaping stones(疊石) for the stone waterfall in the backyard while others were used as ornamental stones(置石) to exhibit the uniqueness and beauty of the stone themselves. The stones used for the waterfall had various shapes and materials and were arranged to symbolize the beauty of natural scenery. On the other hand, the ornamental stones were used to exhibit their beauty of forms. Among the twenty six ornamental stones, four were large, four were mid-sized, and eighteen were small. The twenty four heaping stones used for the waterfall were all categorized as small. All of the stones were not too big, easily coming into sight of human beings. The heaping stones were mostly limestones, and some of them were metamorphic rocks such as marble, quartz, green rock, slaty rock, and phyllite. Almost all of the odd-shaped stones used for Baekje's palace backyard have beautiful patterns and specific forms that resemble natural scenes or animals such as a turtle, terrapin, pig, bear, or elephant. Some of the ornamental stones apparently went through carving to emphasize the unique shapes. Considering the usage and characteristic of the odd-shaped stones, one of the most characteristic feature of the Wanggung-ri palace backyard can be said to be 'the garden of odd-shaped stones'. Meanwhile, according to references, interviews, questionings, and on-the-spot surveys on the people who quarried the stones, the stones found at the remains of the Wanggung-ri palace came mostly from Mt. Cheonho in Hosan-ri, Yeosan-myeon, Iksna, and Mt. Shidae in Dosoon-ri, Wanggung-myeon.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.1-5
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• 1993

In the country, due to short comings of natural aggregates of good quality, it is common to use crushed stones. However, the investigation has not been done on the chemical reaction of crushed stones. This study tested and analyzed the aggregate chemical reaction by petrographic examination(ASTM C 295) for the test aggregates which had been tested by chemical method(ASTM C 289) in the first year. As a result, most of test aggregates didn't show any reaction but many have common deleterious mineral. Therefore, there exists the possibility of chemical reaction in petrogrphic point of view

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.97-102
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• 1993

In the country, due to short comings of natural aggregates of good quality, it is common to use crushed stones. However, the investigation has not been done on the chemical reaction of crushed stones. This study tested and analyzed the aggregate chemical reaction by Petrographic Examination(ASTM C 295),Chemical Metho(ASTM C 289) and Mortar-Bar Method (ASTM C 227). As a result, most of test aggregates didn't show any reaction but many have common deleterious mineral. Therefore, there exists the possibility of chemical reaction in petrographic point of view.