• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.2
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• pp.107-121
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• 1993

This study examines whether or not forest campers' self-actualization, that is the tendency for a person to become actualized in what he or she perceived to be his or her own potential, and their attitudes toward nature were related to quality of forest areas where they visited. People were sampled in three Ontario Provincial Parks in Canada from September of 1988 to August of 1989. From a total of 138,317 campers, 540 were sampled randomly to collect data. People sampled ranged in age from 15 to 75 years with a mean of slightly over 37. They were highly educated. A majority of them resided in urban or suburban areas. Campers' level of self-actualization and their nature attitudes were highly correlated with forest area quality in both perceived or subjective and objective measures. Their self-actualization scores were also highly correlated with their attitudes toward nature. However, there was no significant relationships among campers' self-actualization, attitudes toward nature, and quality of forests where they camped when they were treated simultaneously.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.579-588
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• 2015

Recent climage changes have resulted in increases in rainfall intensity and flood frequency as well as the risk of flood damage due to typhoons during the summer season. Water-friendly facilities such as ecological parks and sports facilities have been established on floodplains of rivers since the river improvement project was implemented and increases in the flood levels of rivers due to typhoons can lead to direct flood damage to such facilities. To analyze the hydraulic influence of these water-friendly facilities on floodplains or to evaluate their stability, numerical analysis should be performed in advance. In addition, it is crucial to address the drying and wetting processes generated by water level fluctuations. This study uses a Nays2D model, which analyzes drying and wetting, to examine its applicability to simple terrain in which such fluctuations occur and to natural rivers in which drying occurs. The results of applying this model to sites of actual typhoon events are compared with values measured at water level observatories. Through this comparison, it is determined that values of coefficient of determination ($R^2$), mean absolute error (MAE), and root-mean-square error (RMSE) are 0.988, 0.208, and 0.239, respectively, thus showing a statistically high correlation. In addition, the results are used to calculate flood risk indices for evaluation of such risk for water-friendly facilities constructed on floodplains.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.2 s.119
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• pp.243-257
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• 2007

This paper aims to analyze fear of crime which is considered socio-psychologically important in our daily lives from a geographical point of view. Especially, the spatial patterns of the fear of crime which were analyzed in the area of Youngtong in Suwon city. First, this paper takes a look at the correlation between the incidence of crime and the fear of crime. Most people feel fear in actual crime scenes, but they do not always coincide with place where people feel the high level of fear. Fear of crime is closely connected with physical environments as well as the incidence of crime. The level of fear is high in places where the light is dark, unfrequented paths, especially in parks and around mountains. Several factors which have effects on fear of crime operate differently upon place. Second, a survey which measures the fear of crime was quantitatively analyzed. Factor analysis was employed to find out whether questions are appropriate for measuring the fear of crime as well as to reduce the amount of data so that more exact result can be derived from the data. Through the factor analysis, seven factors were extracted and it is found that a factor of incivility accounts for 24.032% of variance. Other factors which affect fear of crime are community cohesion, warning, incidence of crime, victimization, morality and authority.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.215-233
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• 2014

Seoul is an ancient city with a long history but there is hesitancy over referring to as a historic city due to the lack of traceable historic urban landscape elements which resulted from numerous invasions and general destruction. From a diachronic perspective, the nature which was survived the influence of development, could be the key element that links the past with the city's radically changed image in modern times. Although "old big trees" may be not a dominant influence with regards to the historical authenticity of the city, they are objects which contribute towards the historical authenticity by providing a sense of place in terms of connected narratives, as well as their natural image. However, the protection policy for an "old big tree" would place too much emphasis on the aspect of the ecological value rather than its cultural value. Generally, trees have been protected by installing a fence and a signboard around them as well as receiving additional care. However, it is difficult to find that surrounding space around the "law-protected tree" is connected with its original historical and cultural values. Even though the space around trees are no longer utilized in the same way as was so in the past, they still have high-potential in terms of cultural utilization. Therefore, the subject of this study is the "old big tree" as a natural object which contributed to the historical authenticity of Seoul. The current status of these "old big trees", aged between 100 and 800 years old, currently indicate that there are 215 trees designated as "law-protected tree" by the Seoul metropolitan government. This study aims to investigate the status of protection and utilization of the existing "law-protected trees" in the city of Seoul and find a way to increase both ecological preservation and cultural utilization for the high-potential "law-protected trees" within the city itself. In order to achieve this, previously researched papers shall be reviewed and surveyed pertaining to present usage patterns of the 215 "law-protected trees". In addition, five cases have been reviewed which focus on a few of utilizing the "protected trees" and their surrounding spaces. The results of the research indicate that 21 "old big trees" have high-potential in terms of cultural utilization as well as ecological value. However, it was revealed that there are limitations to pursue the value of preservation and utilization simultaneously throughout current regimental management. In order to cope with the current situation, it is pointed out that management facilities should be designed and installed by creative and flexible methods of organizing with consideration to the surrounding space and context. Even though in the case where there may not be a connecting history or legendary stories, the "old big trees" can serve as the fundamental features of small scale parks -dependent on their location, condition and environment- which will be of value to the local communities. This study could serve as a practical reference for the management and utilization of "old big trees" nationwide with numbers reaching 12,300 besides the city of Seoul.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

This study used a quasi-experimental method to investigate if both travel involvement and the degree of recall of a traumatic event affect subjective well-being. For this, independent variables such as positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction were established. Four waves of data collection were performed with two to three weeks intervals, then the collected longitudinal data were analysed by repeated measure ANOVA. The study results indicated that travel involvement increases positive affect and life satisfaction, with the effect lasting four weeks or more, which means that travel is an effective tool to boost subjective well-being. Respondents who thought about a traumatic event more frequently had a much higher negative affect following the disaster, and such increased negative affect was maintained over seven weeks or longer. Therefore, this study finds that negative events produce larger, more consistent, or more lasting effects than positive events. As well as travel participation, visiting an urban park is a pleasurable experience. Therefore, the study also finds that urban parks could be utilized for increasing and maintaining subjective well-being in the middle and long term as well as lessening personal stress.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.273-280
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• 2021

In the past, the government made a total of 357 hydrophilic districts into parks to create rest areas in the national river with the four major river projects. According to the results of the survey, 60 water-friendly districts with low utilization were lifted in January 2017, and 297 water-friendly districts are currently being managed. Local governments are in charge of the maintenance costs necessary to maintain these hydrophilic districts, which require considerable costs, so it is necessary to accurately grasp the characteristics and needs of local residents at the operation stage after designation. In this study, the characteristics of local residents in the hydrophilic district were analyzed by correlating social factors with river users, crawling social network data to analyze visit patterns, and derived related Keywords, and analyzed the characteristics of the hydrophilic district. The study target areas are Samrak and Daejeo Ecological Park, located downstream of the Nakdonggang River. Social factors analyzed real estate transaction price data, economic activity income, households, stress perception rate, and pet breeding status through public data provided by Statistics Korea, and analyzed user visit patterns and image keywords on weekends.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.477-496
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• 2017

A drastic development of modern cities and transportation means as part of a rapid industrialization and urbanization for the past half-century has consistently broaden the boundaries of urban dwellers while, at the same time, raising issues as to establishing relationships among them throughout the society following the materialization of modern urban planning. Within the framework of the postmodern concept, there have been consistent efforts to create a community space in appropriate size and, in particular, the concept of New Urbanism and Urban Village that emerged in mid 1800s along with the effort to build a community by building an ideal city provides an important meaning today when people are seeking to restore a healthy community. Against this backdrop, this study aims to explore the concept of community and to determine its optimal scope of implementation in the sense of healing environment under the premise that organizing a healthy city is based on building a solid urban community. The study findings and conclusions are as follows. First, a community is a subject of constant consideration in the process of historical development of the city and has required us to take a variety of strategic approaches and to determine the scope of implementation. Second, the activities of a healthy community have been conducted under various types of environments, including churches, commercial facilities, urban plazas, parks, and streets in various scales, reflecting their unique characteristics. Third, in the process of designing a healthy and sustainable city, determination of location carries significant implications along with building a community of appropriate size, which requires multidisciplinary considerations in addition to functional approaches. Fourth, the composition and design of a modern urban community need to seek practical ways of its implementation within the concept of healing environment.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.146-156
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• 2024

Background: Children who use playground facilities are exposed to potential risks due to the high concentration of heavy metals contained in the finishing materials of facilities in children's playgrounds. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in the finishing materials of outdoor children's playgrounds where harmful heavy metals exist in Gwangju and to conduct human risk assessment for children and adults by age to find the risks and limitations. Methods: The bottom and top layers of double-painted paint were peeled off and collected together from the finishing materials of children's play facilities such as slides, swings, and seesaws in 147 children's parks in Gwangju. Heavy metals were analyzed using ICP-OES, etc., and human risk assessment was performed using the concentrations of heavy metals. Results: Based on 1.0E-04, which requires legal regulation, CTE was found to pose a carcinogenic risk for preschool children and no carcinogenic risk for the rest of the age groups. However, RME showed that both men and women of all ages had a carcinogenic risk. For reference, when the carcinogenic risk was based on 1.0E-06, CTE was found to pose a carcinogenic risk from infants to elementary school students, and RME was found to have a carcinogenic risk in all age groups. It was judged that there is a non-carcinogenic risk if the non-carcinogenic risk exceeds 1 based on the hazard index (HI) 1. In CTE, there was no non-carcinogenic risk, and RME for preschooler males (1.49E+00) and females (1.56E+00) were found to have non-carcinogenic risk. Conclusions: This study was meaningful in that it examines the differences in the current management of heavy metals concentration standards and potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to the human body and discusses the relationship between heavy metals and human health effects.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.496-503
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• 2009

Reclamation area is characterized by high soil salinity and high ground water table that are not favorable environment for tree growth. However, the increasing demand to convert the reclamation area from rice cultivation fields to industrial or residential complex, or parks accompanies the idea of introduction of trees in the area. This study aimed to suggest better performed tree species for the tree planting in the Seosan reclamation area, Chungchungnam-do. Seedlings of 8 tree species (Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Chionanthus retusus, Cornus kousa, Prunus sargentii, Quercus acutissima, and Zelkova serrata) were planted in 4 types of 10 m ${\times}$ 10 m experimental plots. The survival rate and the height growth of seedlings were measured from April 2006 to November 2008 on an annual basis. The experimental plots were constructed using 2 different soil material (dredged sand and dredged sand + forest soil), and 2 soil covering depth (1.5 m and 2.0 m). The tree species showed different survival rates for 3 years since planting (F = 9.632, P < 0.001). C. kousa, Q. acutissima, and P. sargentii showed high mortality rate while P. thunbergii, M. glyptostroboides and Z. serrata showed lower mortality rates. The seedling height growth for 3 years was also significantly different among species (F=4.749, P=0.002). Most of seedlings showed lower height growth in the second year, and the growth began to recover in the third year after transplanting. The survival rate and the growth of the seedlings were better in higher soil covering depth and forest soil material plots regardless of species. The combination of rank orders in survival rate and relative height growth indicates that P. thunbergii, M. glyptostroboides and Z. serrata would perform better than other species used in the experiment, while C. retusus, C. kousa and P. sargenti may not adapt well to this area.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.181-193
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• 2018

The present study was conducted to analyze the quality of the habitats of Abies koreana WILS. by using the InVEST model based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique and to evaluate the economic value by estimating the carbon fixation. Abies koreana WILS., an original biological species of South Korea, may be an essential element in establishing the national biological sovereignty in the future. The subjects of the present study were the national parks in Mt. Halla, Mt. Jiri, and Mt. Sobaek, which are the habitats of Abies koreana WILS. As suggested by previous studies as a limitation of the InVEST model, the utilization of the data from relevant international publications as the input data, due to the lack of the domestic input data, may decrease the accuracy of the modeling. Therefore, the AHP technique was applied for the input data. The modeling was performed with reference to the years of 1980, 1990, and 2000 for the scenario analysis. The result of the modeling showed that the habitat quality was changed most in the national park in Mt. Halla, as the habitat quality score was decreased from 0.96 in 1980 to 0.97 in 1990 and 0.94 in 2000. In the national part of Mt. Sobeak, the habitat quality was changed most in the sub-alpine zone, as the habitat quality score was decreased from 0.98 in 1980 and 0.98 in 1990 to 0.97 in 2000. The habitat quality was best conserved in the national part in Mt. Jiri, as the habitat quality score was 0.98 in 1980, 0.99 in 1990, and 0.99 in 2000. The estimated economic loss by the change of the habitat quality was 19,280,000 USD for Mt. Halla and 8,030,000 USD for Mt. Sobeak. In the present study, the habitat quality of the Abies koreana WILS, the original species of South Korea, was evaluated and the economic value of the ecological services provided by the habitats was estimated quantitatively. The result showed that the ecosystem service model may be used to qualitatively analyze the quality of a habitat located in a specific region and to estimate the economic value quantitatively. The objective evaluation of ecosystem services demonstrated in the present study may be applied to promote sustainable utilization of natural resources and conservation of the ecosystem by predicting the changes that may be caused by external factors including the development of preservation areas.