• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.284-284
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• 2022

The overall effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) with NaCl on different rice genotypes are inadequately understood. The present study determines the effect of different GA3 concentrations on the morphophysiological, molecular and biochemical effects of 120 mM NaCl salt stress in rice seedlings. Salt stress reduced germination percentages and seedling growth and decreased bioactive GA content. It also downregulated the relative expression of a-amylase-related genes - OsAmy1A, OsAmy1C, and OsAmy3C in the salt-sensitive IR28 cultivar. Salt stress differentially regulated the expression of GA biosynthetic genes. Salt stress increased antioxidant activity in all rice genotypes tested, except in IR28. GA3 (50 and 100 µM) mitigates the effect of salt stress, rescuing seed germination and growth attributes. GA3 significantly increased bioactive GA content in Nagdong and pokkali (50 µM) and Cheongcheong and IR28 (100 µM) cultivars. The a-amylase genes were also significantly upregulated by GA3. Similarly, GA3 upregulated OsGA2oxl and OsGA2ox9 expression in the Cheongcheong and salt-sensitive IR28 cultivars. The present study demonstrated that salt stress inactivates bioactive GA - inhibiting germination and seedlings growth - and decreases bioactive GA content and GSH activity in IR28 and Pokkali cultivars. Further, GA3 significantly reversed the effects of 120 mM NaCl salt stress in different rice genotypes. The current study also suggests if we know the coastal area water NaCl concentration we can apply the exogenous GA3 accordingly. Thus, we would be able to grow rice cultivars near the coastal area and reduce the rice damage by salinity.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.127-132
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• 2002

시설토양내 Na나 Cl이온의 과다집적은 직접 또는 간접적으로 작물의 생육에 장해를 준다 따라서 본 실험은 플라스틱 포트재배에서 NaCl에 의해 생육이 억제된 작물에 Ca을 토양에 시용함으로써 치유효과를 검토코자 수행되었다. 토마토(하우스 모모타로)를 공시하여 80 mM NaCl를 처리하고 Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$과 CaCl$_2$을 각각 0, 10, 20mM을 토마토 재배용 야마자키 표준양액에 첨가하여 공급하였다. NaCl집적토양에 Ca을 시용함으로써 모두 초장,생체중,건물중,착과수,과중의 생육을 촉진하였다 이러한 효과는 Ca의 농도가 높을수록 좋았고 Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$이 CaCl$_2$보다 좋았다 수량은 NaCl 집적＋Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$ 20mM 처리구에서 대조구를 제외한 여타 처리구보다 많았다. 광합성 속도는 Ca 처리구가 NaCl 처리구보다 높았으며, Ca 농도가 증가할수록 높았다. 엽록소 함량은 Ca처리구에서 대조구보다 많았으며, 새로운 잎이 오래된 잎보다 많았으나 Ca의 농도간에는 큰 차이가 없었다. Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$이나 CaCl$_2$을 처리함으로써 식물체의 Na함량은 감소하였고 N, K및 Ca함량은 증가하였다. 특히 K/Na비율이 현저하게 증가하였으나, Cl함량은 감소하였다. 이상의 결과에서 NaCl의 스트레스를 받은 작물에 Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$및 Cac12을 처리함으로써 생육이 촉진되고 수량이 증가되나 대조구보다는 저조함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.92-99
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• 2000

음식물쓰레기 퇴비 시용이 논 토양과 밭 토양의 Na집적에 미치는 영향을 비교하고자 실내 항온 실험을 하였다. 음식물쓰레기 혼합비율을 달리하여 부숙시킨 6종의 음식물쓰레기 퇴비를 처리하여, 논 토양은 담수조건으로, 밭 토양은 포장용수량 상태로 $25^{\circ}C$에서 항온시켰다. 음식물쓰레기 혼합비율이 높은 퇴비일수록 Na 함량과 EC가 높았다. 음식물쓰레기 퇴비의 양이온 무기화 율은 논과 밭 토양 간에 차이가 없었으며, Na, K, Mg 및 Ca가 각각 99, 94, 71 및 55%로서 Na>K>Mg>Ca 순으로 높았다. NaCl 함량이 높은 퇴비를 시용할수록 논과 밭 토양에서 공히 SAR과 ESP가 고도의 유의성 ($R^2=0.99$)을 가지고 직선적으로 증가하였다. SAR과 ESP 증가율은 논 토양에 비해 밭 토양에서 2.3배 높았다. 이 차이는 SAR분석 시 실제 상황을 감안하여 논 토양은 담수 상태의 토양용액을 사용하였던 반면, 밭 토양은 포화추출용액을 사용하므로써, 토양:물 비가 크게 달라서 일어나는 회석효과 때문으로 판단되었다. SAR 계산 시 분모로 사용되는 논 토양의 $([Ca^{2+}+Mg^{2+}]/2)^{1/2}$은 음식물쓰레기 퇴비 처리들 간에 2.1~2.4로 별 차이가 없었 던 반면, 분자로 사용되는 [$Na^+$]는 3.1~9.5로 편차가 컸다. 따라서 토양 Na집적을 고려한 음식물쓰레기 퇴비 품질 평가 시, Ca와 Mg 함량을 무시하고 Na 함량 만 사용할 것을 제안하였다. 토양 Ex. Na함량은 ESP와 고도의 유의성이 있는 직선관계를 보여, 새로운 토양 Na 집적 지표로 토 Ex. Na 함량을 제안하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.606-612
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• 1995

Three different Oyijangachi(Kochujang, Doenjang and Ganjang) have been prepared by traditional method. Cucumbers have been dipped in six different solutions for 48 hrs. After dipping, the cucumbers have been aged in Kochujang, Doenjang and Ganjang for 30 days. The acidity, pH, salt content and sensory evaluation of the cucumbers which were treated by six different solutions has measured. Moisture content of fresh cucumber was 95%, and the moisture content of Kochujang, Doenjang and Ganjang of Oyijangachi was 66.78%, 76.94% and 81.33%, respectively, after 30 days of aging. Protein content fo Kochujang, Doenjang and Ganjang of Oyijangachi increased 57%, 258% and 197%, respectively, after 30 days of aging when they compared with fresh cucumber(control). Initial acidity of Oyijangachi of cucumbers which were treated with solution 1~5 at 0 day were between 0.49 and 0.56 and increased during aging. Initial acidity of Oyijangachi treated with solution 6 was 1.84 which was low because 1% of acetic acid was added and acidity increased during aging. The pH of Kochujang, Doenjang, and Ganjang of Oyijangachi decreased 4.37, 3.98 and 4.61, respectively, after 30 days aging. Salt content of Oyijangachi dipped in various salt solutions increased as the salt content of the solution increased. Salt content of three Oyijangachi increased drastically during 0~5 days of aging and slowly increase between 5~30 days of aging. The taste and smell of Kochujang Oyijangachi were highest as treated wih 12% NaCl solution(treatment 4) and the color was highest when the Oyijangachi was treated with solution 1. The taste, smell and color of Doenjang Oyijangachi were highest as treated with 12% NaCl solution plus CaCl2(treatment 5). It was observed that the firmness of Oyijangachi was generally higher as the cucumber treated.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.313-317
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• 2018

This study investigated the nutritional composition of green pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. DangZo). Specifically vitamin C, minerals and amino acids content in green peppe were measured. The crude ash, crude protein, and crude fat contents of green pepper were found to be 0.64, 2.10 and 1.20 g/100 g, respectively. The ascorbic acid content in green pepper was 99.34 mg/100 g. The K content was found to be the highest with regard to mineral. This was followed by P, Mg, Na, Ca, Zn, Cu, Mn which means green pepper is an alkali material. The K, P, Mg, Na, Ca, Zn, Cu, Mn contents of green pepper found to be 980, 68.33, 60, 34.14, 30.88, 5.87, 5.25 and 3.07 mg/100 g respectively. The total amino acid content ranged from 7.0 to 1,625.3 mg/100 g, respectively. With regard to amino acid contents, arginine and citrulline were found to be abundant. From the results, green pepper could be suggested as beneficial for food processing.

• Mycobiology
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.210-213
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• 2013

The objectives of this study were to evaluate applicability of food waste compost (FWC) as a substrate for cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, and Pholiota adipose, and to determine contents of Ca, Mg, Na, and K in fruiting bodies (FB). FB yield per substrate in FWC-free controls was $53{\pm}4g/kg$ for G. lucidum, $270{\pm}90g/kg$ for L. edodes, and $1,430{\pm}355g/kg$ for P. adipose. Substrates supplemented with FWC showed the highest FB production at FWC content of 10% for G. lucidum ($64{\pm}6g/kg$), and 13% for L. edodes ($665{\pm}110g/kg$) and P. adipose ($2,345{\pm}395g/kg$), which were 1.2~2.5 times higher than the values for the controls. P. adipose contained higher amounts of mineral elements than the other species. Ca, Mg, Na, and K content in FB did not show a significant relation to FWC content.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.204-209
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• 2014

단일벽 카본나노튜브 (SWCNT)/에폭시 복합체에 sodium-montmorillonite ($Na^+$-MMT)을 첨가하여 MMT크기와 MMT/SWCNT 비율이 복합체의 기계적 전기적 성질에 미치는 영향에 대하여 살펴보았다. 다른 크기를 갖는 3종류의 MMT를 사용하였으며, 모두 SWCNT의 분산에 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. MMT함량이 증가함에 따라 SWCNT/에폭시 복합체의 기계적인 성질은 증가하였으며, 임계함량에 도달한 후에는 감소하기 시작하였다. 그러나 표면전기저항은 MMT 함량이 증가함에 따라 감소하였으며, 임계함량에 도달한 후 증가하기 시작하였다. 최대 기계적 성질과 최소 전기특성은 임계 MMT/SWCNT 비율은 MMT 크기에 크게 의존하였으며, 이는 MMT크기가 증가함에 따라 감소하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1986

The preparation and electrical conductivity of $\beta$-$Al_2O_3$ are investigated as a function of $Na_2O$ content from the-oretical composition of $\beta$-$Al_2O_3$ to that of $\beta$"-$Al_2O_3$. $\beta$-$Al_2O_3$ $\beta$"$Al_2O_3$$\alpha$-Al2O3 and ${\gamma}$-NaAlO2 phases appear in the calcined powder at 125$0^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. The majoity phase is $\beta$-$Al_2O_3$ in sintered specimens at 155$0^{\circ}C$ and 1$650^{\circ}C$ for 30 mins respectively and ${\gamma}$-4NaAlO_2$ phase also exists when Na2O content is over 10.39w/o ${\gamma}$-4NaAlO_2$ phase does not affect the grain growth of $\beta$-$Al_2O_3$ in sintering at 155$0^{\circ}C$ but acts as a reactive liquid for the abnormal grain growth of $\beta$-$Al_2O_3$in sintering at 1$650^{\circ}C$ The electrical conduction of $\beta$-$Al_2O_3$is predominated by 4Na^+$ ion. Contribution of ionic con-ductivity to total conductivity is gradually decreased with increasing temperature at given oxygen pressure and to -tal conductivity is increased by positive hole due to interstitial oxygen with increasing oxygen pressure.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.869-882
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• 2021

Sodium chloride (NaCl) replacement with calcium chloride (CaCl₂) effect on protein solubility, proteolytic enzyme and quality characteristics of a chicken soup prepared from spent hen (SH) chicken were investigated. By means of immerse marination prior to cooking, a total of 60 skinless SH breast meat were randomly allocated into ten groups admitted to treatments with marinade solution containing sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and reduced percentage of NaCl with CaCl₂ at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% at 4±2℃ for 20 h. STPP was adjusted to 0.5% for all treatments and NaCl replacement at 0% was used as control. The different methods, particularly boiling at 100℃ and retorting at 121℃, 1.5 kgf/cm² for 60 minutes, were applied following marination. An upregulation of cathepsin-B and caspase-3 enzymes were a consequences from a higher percentage of CaCl₂ within meat environment. Accordingly, modified the protein solubility in particular the myofibrillar and total protein solubility. In addition, a significant increase in water holding capacity (WHC), pH value, myofibril fragmentation index (MFI), and moisture content was obtained due to salt replacement (p<0.05). Limited effect was observed for shear force value, collagen content and cooking yield. Eventually, this study implied that although protelytic enzyme and protein solubility was upregulated by the replacement of NaCl with CaCl₂ at >75%, extensive effect on texture properties was not observed. Therefore, NaCl replacement at 75% could be a promising strategy for quality improvement of SH chicken soup.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: Salinity is one of the main environmental stresses deteriorating qualities as well as yields of food crops. This study was conducted to identify the effects of salt stress on dry matter ratio, glucose content, and mineral content and composition in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). METHODS AND RESULTS: Four potato varieties were grown in plastic pots (diameter 20 cm and height 25 cm) with three salinity levels (EC: 1.0, 4.0, and 8.0 dS/m) in a glasshouse. Dry matter ratio, specific gravity, starch, and glucose content in tubers harvested at 90 days after sowing were analyzed. Also, mineral contents (T-N, T-C, $P_2O_5$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^+$) in stem, leaf, and tuber were investigated and statistically analyzed for analysis of variance (ANOVA). Dry matter ratio, specific gravity, and starch content in tubers were reduced in all varieties as the salt concentration increased. Glucose content tended to decrease according to the salt concentration. In ANOVA analysis of mineral contents, there were significant differences in $K^+$ and $Mg^{2+}$ of leaf and stem, in $Na^+$ of leaf and tuber, and also in $Ca^{2+}$ of leaf by the interactions of variety and salinity. In the case of $K^+/Na^+$ and $Ca^{2+}/Na^+$, the stem was more sensitively influenced by the salt treatment than the leaf or the tuber. The $K^+/Na^+$ and $Ca^{2+}/Na^+$ decreased in leaf, stem, and tuber of four varieties, as the salt concentration became higher. The decreasing level varied according to the varieties. 'Kroda' and 'Duback' maintained relatively higher $K^+/Na^+$ and $Ca^{2+}/Na^+$ than 'Atlantic' or 'Goun' under the salt stress conditions. CONCLUSION: The composition and accumulation of minerals in potato plant as well as dry matter ratio, starch, and glucose contents were significantly influenced by salt stress. The respond patterns were different depending on the varieties and it was related to the salt tolerance among varieties.