• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.385-395
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• 2020

Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) can stimulate Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling pathways. In this study, DF-1 cells were treated with poly(I:C) at various concentrations and time points to examine the comparative expression patterns of innate immune response genes. The viability of DF-1 cells decreased from 77.41% to 38.68% when cells were treated different dose of poly(I:C) from 0.1 ㎍/mL to 100 ㎍/mL for 24 h respectively. The expressions of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR15, TLR21, IL1B, and IL10 were increased in dose- and time-dependent manners by poly(I:C) treatment. On the contrary, the expression patterns of interferon regulatory factors 7 (IRF7), Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit (JUN), Nuclear Factor Kappa B Subunit 1 (NF-κB1), and IL8L2 were varied; IRF7 and IL8L2 were increasingly expressed whereas the expressions of JUN and NF-κB1 were decreased in a dose-dependent manner after they were early induced. In time-dependent analysis, IRF7 expression was significantly upregulated from 3 h to 24 h, whereas JUN and NF-κB1 expressions settled down from 6 h to 24 h after poly(I:C) treatment although they were induced at early time from 1 h to 3 h. Poly(I:C) treatment rapidly increased the expression of IL8L2 from 3 h to 6 h with a plateau at 6 h and then the expression of IL8L2 was dramatically decreased until 24 h after poly(I:C) treatment although the expression level was still higher than the non-treated control. These results may provide the basis for understanding host response to viral infection and its mimicry system in chickens.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2007

세포 배양액에 tetracycline이 없는 경우 FADD를 발현하면서 사멸하는 평활근세포 (FADD-SMC)에서 분비하는 $TNF-\alpha$의 활성을 조사하였다. 배양액에 tetracycline이 없는 경우 FADD-SMC는 약 1000 pg/ml의 $TNF-\alpha$를 분비하였다. $TNF-\alpha$를 포함하는 배양액을 분리하고, 이 배양액을 정상세포에 처리한 결과 인산화한 p38 MAPK와 nuclear, factor, kappa B (NF-kB)의 활성이 증가하였다. 또한 이 배양액을 L929 세포에 처리하는 경우 세포독성이 발생하였다. NF-kB, p38 MAPK 그리고 L929 세포에 대찬 효과는 배양액에서 suluble TNF receptor를 이용하여 $TNF-\alpha$를 제거하는 경우 감소하였다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.591-603
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Unregulated inflammatory responses caused by hyperglycemia may induce diabetes complications. Hesperetin, a bioflavonoid, is a glycoside in citrus fruits and is known to have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. However, the effect of inflammation on the diabetic environment has not been reported to date. In this study, we investigated the effect of hesperetin on proinflammatory cytokine secretion and its underlying mechanistic regulation in THP-1 macrophages with co-treatment LPS and hyperglycemic conditions. MATERIALS/METHODS: THP-1 cells differentiated by PMA (1 µM) were cultured for 48 h in the presence or absence of hesperetin under normoglycemic (5.5 mM/L glucose) or hyperglycemic (25 mM/L glucose) conditions and then treated with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 6 h before harvesting. Inflammation-related proteins and mRNA levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. RESULTS: Hesperetin (0-100 µM, 48 h) treatment did not affect cell viability. The tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels increased in cells co-treated with LPS under hyperglycemic conditions compared to normoglycemic conditions, and these increases were decreased by hesperetin treatment. The TLR2/4 and MyD88 activity levels increased in cells co-treated with LPS under hyperglycemic conditions compared to normoglycemic conditions; however, hesperetin treatment inhibited the TLR2/4 and MyD88 activity increases. In addition, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Acetyl-NF-κB levels increased in response to treatment with LPS under hyperglycemic conditions compared to normoglycemic conditions, but those levels were decreased when treated with hesperetin. SIRT3 and SIRT6 expressions were increased by hesperetin treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that hesperetin may be a potential agent for suppressing inflammation in diabetes.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2019

Objectives : While inducing inflammatory response due to LPS it will investigate mechanism associated with anti-inflammatory effects from macrophages and provide basic data for the possible use as anti-inflammatory materials. Methods : We investigated cell viability, NO, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 by ELISA and expressions of iNOS, COX-2, MAPKs and $NF-{\kappa}B$ were measured in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS. Results : The cell viability of Parthenocissus tricuspidata extracts(PTE) identified in macrophages showed that cell viability rate was more than 99% at the concentration of 8, 40, and $200{\mu}g/mL$. NO generated amounts revealed that it relied on concentration and was significantly reduced compared to the control. The expression of iNOS was restrained by the control at the concentration of 200 and $400{\mu}g/mL$. In addition, the expression of COX-2 was found to be significantly reduced to the untreated control at the concentration of $400{\mu}g/mL$. $TNF-{\alpha}$ relied on concentration and showed a significant decreased compared to the control. In contrast, IL-6 relied on concentration, reduced compared to the control. Phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 mediated by LPS were restrained by relying on concentration. Phosphorylation and decomposition of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ as well as p65 nuclear transmission of $NF-{\kappa}B$ subunit were restrained. Conclusions : By restraining the activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$, anti-inflammatory effects were revealed by reducing phosphorylative activation of MAPKs, restraining the expression of iNOS and COX-2 and restraining the creation of NO, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$. Therefore, it can be assumed that they can be used as a variety of anti-inflammatory materials.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.625-631
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• 2012

In order to investigate whether SKI-II could reverse drug resistance and its possible mechanisms, we treated SGC7901/DDP cells with SKI-II or SKI-II in combination with DDP. Then cell growth, apoptosis, micromorphological changes, and expression of SphK1, P-gp, NF-${\kappa}B$, Bcl-2 and Bax were assessed by MTT assay, flow cytometry, electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry and Western blot assay respectively. SGC7901/DDP cells were insensitive to cisplatin 2.5mg/L, but when pretreated with SKI-II, their proliferation was inhibited by cisplatin 2.5mg/L significantly, the inhibition rate increasing with time and dose. The apoptosis rate was also significantly elevated. Expression of SphK1 and P-gp was decreased significantly, Pearson correlation analysis showing significant correlation between the two (r=0.595, P<0.01). Expression of NF-${\kappa}B$ and Bcl-2 was decreased significantly,while that of Bax was increased, compared to the control group. There were significant correlations between SphK1 and NF-${\kappa}B$(r=0.723, P<0.01), NF-${\kappa}B$ and Bcl-2(r=0.768, P<0.01). All these data indicated that SKI-II could reverse drug resistance of SGC7901/DDP to cisplatin by down-regulating expression of P-gp and up-regulating apoptosis through down-regulation of SphK1. The increased apoptotic sensitivity of SGC7901/DDP to cisplatin was due to the decreasing proportion of Bcl-2/Bax via down-regulating NF-${\kappa}B$.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.250-255
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• 2011

The immune system is finely balanced by the activities of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators or cytokines. Unregulated activities of these mediators can lead to the development of various inflammatory diseases. A variety of safe and effective anti-inflammatory agents are available with many more drugs under development. Of the natural compounds, the sesquiterpenes (nootkatone, ${\alpha}$-cyperone, valencene and ${\alpha}$-selinene) isolated from C. rotundus L. have received much attention because of their potential antiinflammatory effects. However, limited studies have been reported regarding the influence of sesquiterpene structure on anti-inflammatory activity. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory potential of four structurally divergent sesquiterpenes was evaluated in lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, murine macrophages. Among the four sesquiterpenes, ${\alpha}$-cyperone and nootkatone, showed stronger anti-inflammatory and a potent NF-${\kappa}B$ inhibitory effect on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Molecular analysis revealed that various inflammatory enzymes (iNOS and COX-2) were reduced significantly and this correlated with downregulation of the NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathway. Additionally, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) elucidated that nootkatone and ${\alpha}$-cyperone dramatically suppressed LPS-induced NF-${\kappa}B$-DNA binding activity using 32Plabeled NF-${\kappa}B$ probe. Hence, our data suggest that ${\alpha}$-cyperone and nootkatone are potential therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.92-102
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• 2018

The objectives of this study were to find out the plant to enhance immune activity among 42 kinds of foods frequently consumed by the Korean elderly consisting of 5 food groups and 5 wild plants. Each sample was assessed the immunoactive effect by measuring $NF-{\kappa}B/AP1$ gene expression, nitric oxide and cytokine production in $RAW-Blue^{TM}$ cell. Soybean sprouts of 47 plants showed the highest $NF-{\kappa}B/AP1$ gene expression at the level of $1.13{\pm}0.03$ (O.D. 650 nm) and Soritae, sweet potato, banana, apple, garlic, crown daisy, cabbage and Ailanthus altissima also had high activity of $NF-{\kappa}B/AP1$ gene in $RAW-Blue^{TM}$ cell stimulated by LPS. NO production of Ailanthus altissima was significantly higher than that of other plants and 16 plants of glutinous sorghum, black rice, Seoritae, Heuktae, sweet potato, banana, apple, garlic, mungbean sprouts, spinach, crown daisy, young pumpkin, cabbage, soybean sprouts, Actinidia arguta and Aster scaber were the next best activity. The above results selected 17 out of 47 plant samples. Moreover, soybean sprouts was significantly shown to increase $TNF-{\alpha}$ ($1,509.55{\pm}1.38pg/mL$) and $IL-1{\beta}$ ($54.56{\pm}1.08pg/mL$) cytokines in comparison with RAW-Blue cell stimulated by LPS. According to the results of in vitro evaluation, the ethanol extract of soybean sprout increased the production of immune-enhancing cytokines by proliferation of macrophages. In addition, $NF-{\kappa}B$ transcription factor activity and NO production ability were excellent, and it was selected as a material having excellent immunological activity.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.238-242
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• 1997

5개 무 품종의 종자를 3시간 물에 침지한 후 cellulose 분말을 코팅하여 UV 광하에서 sinapine 누출정도에 따른 형광색의 분포정도에 따라 무형광(NF)종자, 일부형광(PF)종자, 완전형광(FF)종자로 구분하고, 또 이들 종자와 발아한 유묘의 외부형태를 주사전자현미경(SEM), 광학현미경 및 육안으로 관찰하였다. 종자의 발아율은 무형광(NF)종자>일부형광(PF)종자>완전형광(FF)종자 순으로 낮았으며, 무형광(NF)종자는 종피조직이 치밀하고 둥근 모양이었으나, 일부형광(PF) 및 완전형광(FF)종자는 종피가 주름지거나 상처가 있는 것이 대부분이었다. 또 무형광(NF)종자에서 나온 유묘의 떡잎과 배축은 정상이었으나, 일부형광(PF) 및 완전형광(FF)종자에서 나온 유묘의 떡잎에는 조직이 괴사한 흔적이 많았으며 떡잎과 배축의 크기가 작고 비정상적이었다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제35권3호통권138호
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• pp.244-249
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• 2004

The effects of hesperetin and naringenin on $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation were investigated in normal rat kidney cells transformed by temperature sensitive Rous Sarcoma Virus (tsNRK). The flavonoids, naringenin and hesperetin, significantly reduced v-Src-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation as well as phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3 in tsNRK cells, whereas these compounds did not effect on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in $NIH3T3{\gamma}l$ cells. In addition, the DNA binding activity of SP-I was also reduced but that of AP-1 was not affected by the compounds. Our study suggests that Src-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation could occur via Akt-GSK-3 pathway without $IkB{\alpha}$ degradation and that naringenin and hesperetin could be used in the treatment of cancer through the inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.473-480
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• 2020

High-pressure membrane system like nanofiltration(NF) and reverse osmosis(RO) was investigated as a part of water treatment processes to produce high quality potable water with low organic matter concentration through membrane module tests and design simulation. River water and sand filtration permeate in Busan D water treatment plant were selected as feed water, and NE4040-90 and RE4040-Fen(Toray Chemical Korea) were used as NF and RO membranes, respectively. Total organic carbon(TOC) concentrations of NF and RO permeates were mostly below 0.5 mg/l and the average TOC removal rates of NF and RO membranes were 93.99% and 94.28%, respectively, which means NF used in this study is competitive with RO in terms of organic matter removal ability. Different from ions rejection tendency, the TOC removal rate increases at higher recovery rates, which is because the portion of higher molecular weight materials in the concentrated raw water with increasing recovery rate increases. Discharge of NF/RO concentrates to rivers may not be acceptable because the increased TDS concentration of the concentrates can harm the river eco-system. Thus, the idea of using NF/RO concentrate as the raw water for industrial water production was introduced. The design simulation results with feed water and membranes used in this work reveal that the raw water guideline can be satisfied if the recovery rate of NF/RO system is designed below 80%.