• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.167-181
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• 2007

Objectives: To evaluate expression of MIF mRNA, MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-6R-{\alpha}$, STAT-3, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, COX-2 and iNOS, MMP-9mRNA after injecting deer antler herbal acupuncture solution in a LPS rat model. Methods: The experiment was divided in category of the control group, RA group, and NA group. RA was induced in the mice via injecting 300ug/kg LPS. The deer antler herbal acupuncture solution 50ug/kg was applied on $ST_{35}$(犢鼻) and EX-LE201(內膝眼) for 19days from $3^{rd}$ day of RA inducement. Results: 1. In the deer antler herbal acupuncture solution treated RAW 264.7cell, the mRNA expression of cytokines, RA related inflammation factors, such as the MIF, COX- 2, iNOS, and MMP-g reduced concentration dependently. 2. In the deer antler herbal acupuncture treated mice's synovial membrane, decrease in the cell replication of synovial joint cells, regeneration of blood vessel, fibrosis and fibroblastic cells expansion were observed. 3. Positive reaction of RA-related cytokines MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-6R-{\alpha}$, STAT3, COX-2, iNOS, $NF-\;{\kappa}B$ p65, MMP-9 was reduced. Conclusion : On the basis of the results, it was concluded that deer antler herbal acupuncture extract has significant protecting ability against acute progressive RA by inhibiting the production of MIF, as a top in cytokines related to inflammation.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.23-39
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• 2014

Objectives PRAL (Prunus armniaca Linne Var) is a herbal formula in Oriental Medicine, known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-allergenic properties. However, its mechanism of action and the cellular targets have not yet been found enough. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of PRAL on Th2 cytokines expression in MC/9 mast cells. Methods The effect of PRAL was analyzed by ELISA, Real-time PCR, Western blot in MC/9 mast cells. mRNA levels of GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ were analyzed with Real-time PCR. Levels of IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). NFAT, AP-1 and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 were examined by Western blot analysis. Results PRAL inhibited GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression in a dose dependent manner. GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-5 mRNA expression were inhibited significantly in comparison to DNP-IgE control group at concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ and IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression were inhibited at concentration of 50 ${\mu}g/ml$, 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. PRAL also inhibited the IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ production significantly in comparison to DNP-IgE control group in a dose dependent manner. IL-13 production was inhibited at a concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, 400 ${\mu}g/ml$ and MIP-$1{\alpha}$ was inhibited at a concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$, 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, 400 ${\mu}g/ml$. Western blot analysis of transcription factors involving Th2 cytokines expression revealed prominent decrease of the mast cell specific transcription factors including NFAT-1, c-Jun as well as NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 but not NFAT-2 and c-Fos. Conclusion These results indicate that PRAL has the effect of suppressing Th2 cytokines production in the MC/9 mast cells. These data represent that PRAL potentiates therapeutic activities to the allergic disease by regulating Th2 cytokines in the MC/9 mast cells.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.396-402
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• 2018

Hataedock (HTD) treatment is a traditional preventive therapy for the fetal toxicosis- the acute allergic disease after childbirth, mainly manifested by a variety of skin allergies such as scab, phlegm. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of HTD treatments for the alleviation of inflammation in Dermatophagoides farinae-induced obese NC/Nga mice. 20 mg/kg of Coptidis Rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae Radix (CRGR) extracts as a remedy of HTD treatments were orally administered to NC/Nga mice. We induced obesity in the mice by high-fat diet. To induce skin allergies, the extracts of Dermatophagoides farinae were topically applied on the NC/Nga mice at 4th-6th and 8th-10th weeks. Structural and molecular changes in the skin tissues were measured by immunohistochemical staining. HTD treatment decreased the atopic dermatitis (AD)-like symptoms including hemorrhage, erythema, erosion, edema, and dryness. HTD treatment suppressed the mast cell activation confirmed by reduction of $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$, substance P, and serotonin. The expression of several inflammatory mediators including nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) was also decreased by HTD treatment. HTD treatment suppressed the allergic, inflammatory responses in the skin tissues of the NC/Nga mice by reducing mast cells and down-regulating several inflammatory mediators.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.409-416
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• 2017

천연물 유래 물질의 항염증 활성에 대한 잠재성을 평가하기 위한 일환으로 오배자에서 분리한 PGG가 LPS로 자극한 마우스 대식세포인 RAW264.7 세포에서 염증반응에 미치는 영향에 대해 평가하고 관련 메커니즘에 대해 검토하였다. PGG는 LPS 자극에 의해 유도된 iNOS 및 COX-2 단백질 발현량을 감소함으로써 NO와 $PGE_2$ 생성을 억제할 뿐만 아니라 IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$와 같은 pro-inflammatory cytokine의 분비를 억제하였다. 이러한 효과는 전사인자인 NF-${\kappa}B$의 세포질에서 핵으로의 이동을 억제함으로써 나타나는 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 결과로부터 PGG가 염증 반응을 저해하는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타나 향후 염증성 질환을 예방, 개선 및 치료하는 데 유용한 물질로 사용될 가능성이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2018

Objectives : Ojeoksan, originally recorded in an ancient Korean medicinal book named "Donguibogam" and has been used for the treatment of circulation disorder of blood which was called blood accumulation (血積) in Korean medicine. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the beneficial effect of OJS on vascular inflammation in HUVECs. Methods : We evaluated the effect of OJS on the expression of cell adhesion molecules and protective role in HUVEC stimulated by TNF-${\alpha}$ by using Western blot. Results : Pretreatment with OJS decreased the adhesion of HL-60 cells to TNF-${\alpha}$-induced HUVEC. OJS suppressed TNF-${\alpha}$-induced expression level of cell adhesion molecules such as intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), and endothelial cell selectin (E-selectin). Moreover, OJS significantly decreased TNF-${\alpha}$-induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS); and inhibited the phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ in the cytoplasm compared to the experimental group. Pretreatment with OJS inhibited the trans-location of NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 to the nucleus. OJS also inhibited phosphorylation of MAPKs compared to the experimental group. OJS significantly increased the protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. Conclusions : Ojeoksan has a protective effect on vascular inflammation, and might be a potential therapeutic agent for early atherosclerosis.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.34-47
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was designed to examine anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium water extract (CRE). Methods: Cell cytotoxicity was tested with RAW 264.7 cells. To investigate anti-inflammatory effect of CRE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cell, we measured nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). In addition, mitrogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were examined by western blotting in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell with treated CRE. Results: In cytotoxicity analysis, CRE does not affect cell cytotoxicity. As compared with the control group, the expression of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6 were significantly decreased, and IL-10 was significantly increased in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell with treated CRE. As a result of Western blotting, there was concentration-dependent inhibition of pp38, pERK in MAPK pathway and significant reduction of pp65 in the NF-κB pathway. Conclusions: CRE might have anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-induced macrophages by promoting the production of IL-10.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.592-600
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• 2022

Background: Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most common endocrine disrupting chemical used as a plasticizer. DEHP is associated with the development of endometrium-related diseases through the induction of inflammation. The major therapeutic approaches against endometrial cancer and endometriosis involve the suppression of inflammatory response. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a natural product with anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of KRG on DEHP-induced inflammatory response in endometrial cancer Ishikawa cells and a mouse model of endometriosis. Methods: RNA-sequencing was performed and analyzed on DEHP-treated Ishikawa cells in the presence and absence of KRG. The effects of KRG on DEHP-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA levels in Ishikawa cells were determined by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, the effects of KRG on the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) pathway, COX-2, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) p65 after DEHP treatment of Ishikawa cells were evaluated by western blotting. In the mouse model, the severity of endometriosis induced by DEHP and changes in immunohistochemistry were used to assess the protective effect of KRG. Results: According to the RNA-sequencing data, DEHP-induced inflammatory response-related gene expression was downregulated by KRG. Moreover, KRG significantly inhibited DEHP-induced ERK1/2/NF-κB/COX-2 levels in Ishikawa cells. In the mouse model, KRG administration significantly inhibited ectopic endometriosis growth after DEHP-induced endometriosis. Conclusions: Overall, these results suggest that KRG may be a promising lead for the treatment of endometrial cancer and endometriosis via suppression of the inflammatory response.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2020

We examined the anti-inflammatory effect of the peel extract of the newly bred Korean apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivar Green ball. To test its possible use as anti-inflammatory functional material, Raw 264.7 macrophages were treated with pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of Green ball apple peel ethanol extract (GBE). Notably, up to 500 ㎍/mL of GBE did not result in any signs of inhibition on cellular metabolic activity or cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 macrophages. Supplementation with GBE to LPS-treated Raw 264.7 macrophage significantly suppressed various pro-inflammatory responses in a dose-dependent manner, including i) nitric oxide (NO) production, ii) accumulation of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, iii) phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) subunit p65, and iv) expression of pro-inflammatory biomarker genes, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and prostaglandin E synthase 2.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.402-409
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• 2019

생삼을 쪄서 건조시킨 홍삼은 전통적으로 사용되고 있는 약재로서 면역, 내분비 및 중추신경계 작용을 증진시키며 염증을 억제하는 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 그람 양성균의 세포벽 성분인 lipoteichoic acid (LTA)에 의한 염증반응에 홍삼추출액(RGE)이 항염증 효과를 가지는지 관찰하고 그 작용 기전을 연구하였다. BV-2 소교세포에서 RGE는 세포에 독성을 유도하지 않으면서 LTA로 인한 nitric oxide (NO)의 생성과 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 발현을 억제하였으며, NF-kB p65의 핵으로의 이동과 IkB-a의 분해 또한 억제하였다. 한편, RGE는 농도의존적으로 heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)의 발현을 유도하였으며, HO-1 siRNA를 처리했을 때는 RGE가 iNOS의 발현을 억제하지 못하였다. RGE는 HO-1의 발현에 관여하는 전사인자인 nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)를 핵으로 이동을 촉진시켰다. 또한 RGE에 의한 HO-1의 발현은 phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI-3K) 및 MAPK 억제제에 의해 감소되었으며, RGE가 Akt와 ERK, p38, JNK의 인산화를 유도하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면, RGE는 PI-3K/Akt 및 ERK, p38, JNK 신호전달과정을 통해 HO-1의 발현을 유도함으로써 NO와 같은 염증매개물질의 생성을 억제한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 그러므로 홍삼추출액은 그람 양성균에 의한 신경염증과 염증관련 신경계 질환의 치료제로서 사용될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Sargassum horneri is an edible brown alga that grows in the subtidal zone as an annual species along the coasts of South Korea, China, and Japan. Recently, an extreme amount of S. horneri moved into the coasts of Jeju Island from the east coast of China, which made huge economic and environmental loss to the Jeju Island. Thus, utilization of this biomass becomes a big issue with the local authorities. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of crude polysaccharides (CPs) extracted from S. horneri China strain in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: CPs were precipitated from S. horneri digests prepared by enzyme assistant extraction using four food-grade enzymes (AMG, Celluclast, Viscozyme, and Alcalase). The production levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ were measured by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were measured by using western blot. The IR spectrums of the CPs were recorded using a fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrometer. RESULTS: The polysaccharides from the Celluclast enzyme digest (CCP) showed the highest inhibition of NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells ($IC_{50}$ value: $95.7{\mu}g/mL$). Also, CCP dose-dependently down-regulated the protein expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$, compared to the only LPS-treated cells. In addition, CCP inhibited the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ p50 and p65 and the phosphorylation of MAPKs, including p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, FT-IR analysis showed that the FT-IR spectrum of CCP is similar to that of commercial fucoidan. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that CCP has anti-inflammatory activities and is a potential candidate for the formulation of a functional food ingredient or/and drug to treat inflammatory diseases.