• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.730-739
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• 2022

Objective: This study investigated the effects of dietary n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio on growth performance, blood indexes, tissue fatty acid composition and the gene expression in finishing pigs. Methods: Seventy-two crossbred ([Duroc×Landrace]×Yorkshire) barrows (68.5±1.8 kg) were fed one of four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets with n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 5:1, and 8:1. Results: Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and gain-to-feed ratio had quadratic responses but the measurements were increased and then decreased (quadratic, p<0.05). The concentrations of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and interleukin 6 were linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, while that of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol tended to decrease (p = 0.062), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol:low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and leptin concentration were linearly decreased (p<0.05). The concentration of serum adiponectin had a quadratic response but the measurement was decreased and then increased (quadratic, p<0.05). The proportion of C18:3n-3 was linearly decreased (p<0.05) in the longissimus thoracis (LT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) as dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio increasing, while the proportion of C18:2n-6 and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio were linearly increased (p<0.05). In addition, the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and lipoprotein lipase in the LT and SCAT, and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in the SCAT had quadratic responses but the measurements were increased and then decreased (quadratic, p<0.05). The expression of HSL in the LT was linearly decreased (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. Conclusion: Dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio could regulate lipid and fatty acid metabolism in blood and tissue. Reducing dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (3:1) could appropriately suppress expression of related genes in PPARγ signaling, and result in improved growth performance and n-3 PUFA deposition in muscle and adipose tissue in finishing pigs.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.295-303
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• 1978

The dipole moments for octahedral [Co(III)-$O_3N_3$], tetrahedral [M(II)-$O_2N_2$] and square planar [M(II)-$O_2N_2$] types complexes are calculated by the expansion method for spherical harmonics using the valence basis sets for the central metal ion and the single basis set orbital ($2p_z$) for ligands. The calculated dipole moments for these complexes are in agreement with the experimental values.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.503-506
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• 2008

질소제거 능력이 있는 Pseudomonas aeruginosa을 고분자물질인 PEG 에 포괄고정화하였으며 제조된 고정화 미생물을 이용하여 질소제거에 미치는 C/N비, 농도, 충진율, 탄소별 제거율을 검토한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) C/N비 10이상이면 NH$_4$-N 와 NO$_3$-N의 동시 제거가 가능하였으며 2) 탄소 원으로는 glucose를 사용하였을 때 NH$_4$-N 와 NO$_3$-N의 동시 제거가 가능하였으나 methanol은 탄소원으로 사용할 수 없었다. 3) 저농도의 NO$_3$-N(50 mg/L)는 완전히 제거 가능하였으나 NH$_5$-N인 경우에는 초기 NH$_4$-N 100 mg/L에서 60%정도만 제거되었다. 4) 연속처리 결과 NH$_4$-N는 HRT 변동에도 불구하고 유출수 농도 변화가 거의 없었으나, 오히려 C/N비를 증가시키면 NH$_4$-N 제거 효율이 높았고, NO$_3$-N인 경우도 마찬가지로 C/N비를 증가시키면 NO$_3$-N 제거 효율이 높았다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.33-38
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• 2000

The ~1540 nm Er$^{3+}$ photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra of Er-implanted Mg-codoped GaN (GaN:Er+Mg) exhibit that the excitation efficiency of a specific Er$^{3+}$ center among different Er$^{3+}$ centers existing in Er-implanted GaN is selectively enhanced, compared to Er-implanted undoped GaN (GaN:Er). In GaN:Er+Mg, the 1540 nm PL peaks characteristic of the so-called "violet-pumped" Er$^{3+}$ center and the ~2.8-3.4 eV (violet) PLE band are significantly strengthened by the Mg-doping. The intra-f absorption PLE bands associated with this "violet-pumped" center are also enhanced by this doping. The 1540 nm PL peaks originating from the violet-pumped center dominate the above-gap-excited Er$^{3+}$ PL spectrum of GaN:Er+Mg, whereas it was unobservable under above-gap excitation in GaN:Er. All of these results indicate that Mg doping increases the efficiency of trap-mediated excitation of Er$^{3+}$ emission in Er-implanted GaN.planted GaN.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

To evaluate the effects of n-3 and n-9 fatty acid combination on broiler chicks, diets containing the combinations of five different fat sources including flaxseed oil, fish oil, EPA, DHA and olive oil were provided, and all chicks were processed at 4 weeks of growth. Liver, breast and thigh samples were collected and fatty acid composition and/or CIE $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ measurement were measured. Also, live chick and liver weights were weighed and the ratio was provided as an evidence of fat accumulation in liver. No significant difference was determined in both live and liver weight ratio and liver color. EPA was low in FHO as compared to livers from others. In contrast, DHA was significantly high in FHO. In broiler breasts derived from FDO, AA and n-3 fatty acid content was high, but only numerical differences of EPA and DHA were determined in breasts from FDO. The thighs from FHO showed high in EPA, DHA and n-3 fatty acid content but had low in AA and n-6 to n-3 ratio. Therefore, the results indicate that broiler chicken diets containing either FDO or FHO may be possible combination diets increasing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in broiler chicks.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.41.1-41.1
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 MOCVD법으로 사파이어 기판위에 u-GaN를 성장한 후 Mg을 도핑시켜 p-GaN를 성장하고, RF 스퍼터를 이용하여 n-ZnO를 도포하여 n-ZnO/p-GaN 이종접합을 형성한 후 진공증착기를 이용하여 Au/Ni를 증착시켜 발광다이오드(LED)를 제작하고 전기 광학적 특성을 조사하였다. 두께가 500 nm인 u-GaN 위에 성장된 p-GaN의 운반자 농도는 $1.68{\times}10^{17}\;cm^{-3}$ 이었다. 그리고 150, 300 nm 두께의 p-GaN에 대하여 측정된 DXRD 반치폭은 각각 450 arcsec, 396 arcsec 이었고, 상온에서 2.8~3.0 eV 영역에서 Mg 억셉터와 관련된 광루미네센스가 검출되었다. RF 스퍼터링에 의해 0.7 nm/min의 속도로 증착된 n-ZnO 박막은 증착 두께에 따라 비저항이 27.7 $m{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ 에서 6.85 $m{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ 까지 감소하였다. 그리고 n-ZnO 박막은 (0002)면으로 우선 배향되었으며, 상온에서 에너지갭 관련된 광루미네센스가 3.25 eV 부근에서 주되게 검출되었다. n-ZnO/p-GaN 이종접합 LED의 전류전압 특성곡선은 다이오드 방정식에 만족하는 특성을 나타내었다. 다이오드 지수는 3 V 이하 영역에서 1.64, 3~5 V 영역에서 0.85이었다. 그리고 5 V 이상 영역에서 공간전하의 제한을 받았으며, 다이오드 지수는 3.36이었다. 한편, 역방향 전류전압 특성은 p-GaN 박막의 두께에 영향을 받았으며, p-GaN 박막의 두께가 150, 300 nm 일 때 각각의 누설 전류는 $1.3{\times}10^{-3}$ mA와 $8.6{\times}10^{-5}$ mA 이었다. 상온에서 측정된 EL 스펙트럼의 주된 발광피크는 430 nm이었고, 반치폭은 49.5 nm이었다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.151-158
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• 2003

This study was carried out to determine the effect of pig slurry applications on the forage yield of Sorghum${\times}$Sudangrass hybrid and leaching of $NO_3$-N in volcanic ash soil in Jeju. It was arranged as a randomized block design with seven treatments: chemical fertilizer ($N-P_2$$O_{5}$ $-K_2$O=200-l50-150kg/ha), pig slurry 200kg N/ha, pig slurry 300kg N/ha, pig slurry 400kg N/ha, pig slurry 100kg N/ha+chemical fertilizer 100kg N/ha, pig slurry 150kg N/ha+chemical fertilizer 100kg N/ha, pig slurry 200kg N/ha+chemical fertilizer 100kg N/ha. The mean dry matter yield of Sorghum${\times}$Sudan grass hybrid per ha for 4 years(1998 to 2001) was higher(p<0.05) in pig slurry 300kg N/ha(l7,279kg) and pig slurry 400kg N/ha(17,817kg) treatments than those of other treatments. The $NO_3$-N concentrations of leaching water at soil depth 30cm in all treatments were excess the standard of WHO with level of $10.0mg/\ell$ on 20 days of the seeding, but this $NO_3$-N concentrations found to be below $5.0mg/\ell$ on August.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.408-417
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• 1990

To compare the hypolipidemic effect of n6 linoleic acid n3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid and n3 eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid, male Sprague Dawley rats weighing about 450g were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks which composed of fat at 15%(W/W) level and were different only in dietary PUFA. Dietary fat was corn oil, perilla oil, and fish oil concentrate as a source of n6 linoleic acid, n3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid, and n3 eicosapentaenoic acid+docosahexaenoic acid, respectively. Plasma total Chol and HDL-chol levels were significantly-lower in fish oil group than in corn oil and erilla oil groups. Plasma cholesterol lowering effect of PUFa was in the order of n3 EPA+DHA>n3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid>n6 linoleic acid. Plasma TG was significantly lower in both fish oil and perilla oil groups than in corn oil group. Plasma TG-lowering effect was greater by n3 PUFA (EPA+DHA, $\alpha$-linolenic acid) than by n6 PUFA(linoleic acid). However, there were no significant effects on lipoprotein pattern hemolysis, and the levels of tocopherol and malondialdehyde in plasma and RBC by difference dietary fat with sufficient tocopherol supplement. Liver superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased in proportion to the degree of fat unsaturation, thereby resulted in the lower level of MDA in fish oil group. In conclusion, fish oil and perilla oil rich in n3 PUFA may have important nutritional applications in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic disease.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.182-187
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been shown to generally decrease levels of innate immune markers and inflammatory cytokines, but the specific associations between blood levels of PUFAs and those of innate immune markers have not been investigated. Thus, the present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that innate immune markers as well as cytokines are negatively associated with n-3 PUFAs but positively associated with n-6 PUFAs in healthy adults. MATERIALS/METHODS: One hundred sixty-five healthy Korean adults aged 25-70 years old were included in this cross-sectional study. RESULTS: Serum levels of n-3 PUFAs, such as 18:3n3, 20:5n3, 22:5n3, and 22:6n3 were negatively correlated with eosinophil and basophil counts and $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4, and IL-10 levels. Multivariate analysis also showed that serum levels of n-3 PUFAs were negatively associated with monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts and $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4, and IL-12 levels. Additionally, the ratio of 20:4n6 to 20:5n3 was positively correlated with eosinophil counts and associated with $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, and IL-4 levels. However, NK cell activity was not associated with serum fatty acid composition. CONCLUSIONS: Innate immune markers such as eosinophil, monocyte, and basophil counts were inversely associated with serum levels of n-3 PUFAs, but were positively associated with the 20:4n6/20:5n3 ratio in this population.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.799-804
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• 1999

Composites of SiC-Si3N4 consisted of uniformly distributed elongated $\beta$-Si3N4 grains and equiaxed $\beta$-SiC grains were fabricated with $\beta$-SiC,. $\alpha$-Si3N4 Al2O3 and Y2O3 powders. By hot-pressing and subsequent annelaing elongated $\beta$-Si3N4 grains were grown via$\alpha$longrightarrow$\beta$ phase transformation and equiaxed $\beta$-Si3N4 composites increased with increasing the Si3N4 content owing to the reduced defect size and enhanced crack deflection by elongated $\beta$-Si3N4 grains and the grain boundary strengthening by nitrogen incorporation. Typical flexural strength and fracture toughness of SiC-40 wt% Si3N4 composites were 783 MPa and 4.2 MPa.m1/2 respectively.