• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.3225-3262
• /
• 1974

The purposes of this thesis are to clarify experimentally the variation of ground water temperature in tube wells during the irrigation period of paddy rice, and the effect of ground water irrigation on the growth, grain yield and yield components of the rice plant, and, furthermore, when and why the plant is most liable to be damaged by ground water, and also to find out the effective ground water irrigation methods. The results obtained in this experiment are as follows; 1. The temperature of ground water in tube wells varies according to the location, year, and the depth of the well. The average temperatures of ground water in a tubewells, 6.3m, 8.0m deep are $14.5^{\circ}C$ and $13.1^{\circ}C$, respercively, during the irrigation period of paddy rice (From the middle of June to the end of September). In the former the temperature rises continuously from $12.3^{\circ}C$ to 16.4$^{\circ}C$ and in the latter from $12.4^{\circ}C$ to $13.8^{\circ}C$ during the same period. These temperatures are approximately the same value as the estimated temperatures. The temperature difference between the ground water and the surface water is approximately $11^{\circ}C$. 2. The results obtained from the analysis of the water quality of the "Seoho" reservoir and that of water from the tube well show that the pH values of the ground water and the surface water are 6.35 and 6.00, respectively, and inorganic components such as N, PO4, Na, Cl, SiO2 and Ca are contained more in the ground water than in the surface water while K, SO4, Fe and Mg are contained less in the ground water. 3. The response of growth, yield and yield components of paddy rice to ground water irrigation are as follows; (l) Using ground water irrigation during the watered rice nursery period(seeding date: 30 April, 1970), the chracteristics of a young rice plant, such as plant height, number of leaves, and number of tillers are inferior to those of young rice plants irrigated with surface water during the same period. (2) In cases where ground water and surface water are supplied separately by the gravity flow method, it is found that ground water irrigation to the rice plant delays the stage at which there is a maximum increase in the number of tillers by 6 days. (3) At the tillering stage of rice plant just after transplanting, the effect of ground water irrigation on the increase in the number of tillers is better, compared with the method of supplying surface water throughout the whole irrigation period. Conversely, the number of tillers is decreased by ground water irrigation at the reproductive stage. Plant height is extremely restrained by ground water irrigation. (4) Heading date is clearly delayed by the ground water irrigation when it is practised during the growth stages or at the reproductive stage only. (5) The heading date of rice plants is slightly delayed by irrigation with the gravity flow method as compared with the standing water method. (6) The response of yield and of yield components of rice to ground water irrigation are as follows: \circled1 When ground water irrigation is practised during the growth stages and the reproductive stage, the culm length of the rice plant is reduced by 11 percent and 8 percent, respectively, when compared with the surface water irrigation used throughout all the growth stages. \circled2 Panicle length is found to be the longest on the test plot in which ground water irrigation is practised at the tillering stage. A similar tendency as that seen in the culm length is observed on other test plots. \circled3 The number of panicles is found to be the least on the plot in which ground water irrigation is practised by the gravity flow method throughout all the growth stages of the rice plant. No significant difference is found between the other plots. \circled4 The number of spikelets per panicle at the various stages of rice growth at which_ surface or ground water is supplied by gravity flow method are as follows; surface water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥ 98.5. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥62.2 Ground water at the tillering stage‥‥‥‥‥ 82.6. Ground water at the reproductive stage ‥‥‥‥‥ 74.1. \circled5 Ripening percentage is about 70 percent on the test plot in which ground water irrigation is practised during all the growth stages and at the tillering stage only. However, when ground water irrigation is practised, at the reproductive stage, the ripening percentage is reduced to 50 percent. This means that 20 percent reduction in the ripening percentage by using ground water irrigation at the reproductive stage. \circled6 The weight of 1,000 kernels is found to show a similar tendency as in the case of ripening percentage i. e. the ground water irrigation during all the growth stages and at the reproductive stage results in a decreased weight of the 1,000 kernels. \circled7 The yield of brown rice from the various treatments are as follows; Gravity flow; Surface water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥514kg/10a. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥428kg/10a. Ground water at the reproductive stage‥‥‥‥‥‥430kg/10a. Standing water; Surface water at all growh stages‥‥‥‥‥‥556kg/10a. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥441kg/10a. Ground water at the reproductive stage‥‥‥‥‥‥450kg/10a. The above figures show that ground water irrigation by the gravity flow and by the standing water method during all the growth stages resulted in an 18 percent and a 21 percent decrease in the yield of brown rice, respectively, when compared with surface water irrigation. Also ground water irrigation by gravity flow and by standing water resulted in respective decreases in yield of 16 percent and 19 percent, compared with the surface irrigation method. 4. Results obtained from the experiments on the improvement of ground water irrigation efficiency to paddy rice are as follows; (1) When the standing water irrigation with surface water is practised, the daily average water temperature in a paddy field is 25.2$^{\circ}C$, but, when the gravity flow method is practised with the same irrigation water, the daily average water temperature is 24.5$^{\circ}C$. This means that the former is 0.7$^{\circ}C$ higher than the latter. On the other hand, when ground water is used, the daily water temperatures in a paddy field are respectively 21.$0^{\circ}C$ and 19.3$^{\circ}C$ by practising standing water and the gravity flow method. It can be seen that the former is approximately 1.$0^{\circ}C$ higher than the latter. (2) When the non-water-logged cultivation is practised, the yield of brown rice is 516.3kg/10a, while the yield of brown rice from ground water irrigation plot throughout the whole irrigation period and surface water irrigation plot are 446.3kg/10a and 556.4kg/10a, respectivelely. This means that there is no significant difference in yields between surface water irrigation practice and non-water-logged cultivation, and also means that non-water-logged cultivation results in a 12.6 percent increase in yield compared with the yield from the ground water irrigation plot. (3) The black and white coloring on the inside surface of the water warming ponds has no substantial effect on the temperature of the water. The average daily water temperatures of the various water warming ponds, having different depths, are expressed as Y=aX+b, while the daily average water temperatures at various depths in a water warming pond are expressed as Y=a(b)x (where Y: the daily average water temperature, a,b: constants depending on the type of water warming pond, X; water depth). As the depth of water warning pond is increased, the diurnal difference of the highest and the lowest water temperature is decreased, and also, the time at which the highest water temperature occurs, is delayed. (4) The degree of warming by using a polyethylene tube, 100m in length and 10cm in diameter, is 4~9$^{\circ}C$. Heat exchange rate of a polyethylene tube is 1.5 times higher than that or a water warming channel. The following equation expresses the water warming mechanism of a polyethylene tube where distance from the tube inlet, time in day and several climatic factors are given: {{{{ theta omega (dwt)= { a}_{0 } (1-e- { x} over { PHI v })+ { 2} atop { SUM from { { n}=1} { { a}_{n } } over { SQRT { 1+ {( n omega PHI) }^{2 } } } } LEFT { sin(n omega t+ { b}_{n }+ { tan}^{-1 }n omega PHI )-e- { x} over { PHI v }sin(n omega LEFT ( t- { x} over {v } RIGHT ) + { b}_{n }+ { tan}^{-1 }n omega PHI ) RIGHT } +e- { x} over { PHI v } theta i}}}}{{{{ { theta }_{$\infty$ }(t)= { { alpha theta }_{a }+ { theta }_{ w'} +(S- { B}_{s } ) { U}_{w } } over { beta } , PHI = { { cpDU}_{ omega } } over {4 beta } }}}} where $\theta$$\omega$; discharged water temperature($^{\circ}C$) $\theta$a; air temperature ($^{\circ}C$) $\theta$$\omega$';ponded water temperature($^{\circ}C$) s ; net solar radiation(ly/min) t ; time(tadian) x; tube length(cm) D; diameter(cm) ao,an,bn;constants determined from $\theta$$\omega$(t) varitation. cp; heat capacity of water(cal/$^{\circ}C$ ㎥) U,Ua; overall heat transfer coefficient(cal/$^{\circ}C$ $\textrm{cm}^2$ min-1) $\omega$;1 velocity of water in a polyethylene tube(cm/min) Bs ; heat exchange rate between water and soil(ly/min)

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.1457-1469
• /
• 2015

This study was undertaken to investigate the quality changes of salted-fermented anchovy meat made by varying the amount of salt during fermentation at $15^{\circ}C$. Anchovy (11.0-14.0 cm of length, 10.7-17.5 g of weight) added with 15-25% of salt was filled in a round form plastic container (i.d. $10.5{\times}11cm$), and then fermented at $15^{\circ}C$ for 110 days. The factors such as proximate composition, pH, color value (L, a, b), TBA value, amino-N content, salinity, hardness value, free amino acid content and sensory evaluation of salted-fermented anchovy meat were measured. Ash content, color value (redness), TBA value, amino-N content. salinity and hardness value of salted-fermented anchovy meat were increased, but color value (lightness), and moisture content were decreased during fermentation at $15^{\circ}C$. A salted-fermented anchovy meat added with 15% of salt was shown higher content of moisture, amino-N content and free amino acid, TBA value than those of 20 or 25% of salt. Ash content, salinity and hardness value were highest in a product added with 25% of salt. From the result of sensory evaluation, Addition amount of 15% salt and fermentation periods of 110 days were determined to be the most desirable palatability of salted-fermented anchovy meat.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.223-232
• /
• 1998

The main experiment related to this report was undertaken to assess the effects of two rates of $Ca(OH)_2$ (0, 250 kg/10a only at establishment) and five rates of $N-P_20_5-K_20$ (0-0-0, 0-10-10, 6-15-15, 12-20-20, 24-25-20 kg/10a/year) on the pasture establishment, forage yield and quality, and vegetation etc. After this 10-year main e experiment pasture had been used to assess the effects of the above treaments on the soil characteristics in oversown hilly pasture of a grass-clover sward. soil properties of mutual ratios of exchangeable cations at d different soil depth, and the visible characteristics of soil conservation obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Compared with the properties of soil fertility and the level for the likelihood grass tetany, the mutual ratios of exchangeable cations in soils; Ca:Mg:K(% of CEC), Ca:Mg:K(K=I), $K/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$, Mg/K, K/Mg, and Ca/Mg, were discussed at different soil depth. Before and after experiment, these ratios were generally unbalance and unsuitable, and were rather worsened in the order of Mg>Ca>K under the conditions of liming and NPK fertilization without Mg. 2. The ratios of Ca and Ca/Mg were increaby liming, whereas it of $K/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ was redused. The ratios of K and $K/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ in control and the heavy fertillization of NPK(especially N) were rather lowered than those in the low and medium fertilizations of NPK. 3. The prperties of consevation were closely related with the forage productivity/vegetation rates, as affected by liming and the application rates of NPK. In control of NPK, It was shown to be the worst soil conservation; severly eroded(3rd grade), exporsure of subsoil, redish brown in soil colour, and 18.8% of cobble and stony in covering rate. 4. The improvement of soil conservation was greatly enhanced by increasing the NPK rate. In the medium and heavy fertilizations of NPK, it was shown to be the favorable improvement of soil conservation; slightly eroded(lst grade), covered with humus layer/grass residues in surface soil, dark brown in surface soil colour, under 1% of cobble and stony in covering rate. The increasing of legume yield/vegetation rate by liming rather enhanced the soil conservation of grassland.

• Korean Journal of Logic
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.15-46
• /
• 2004

Um die rationalen Zahlen auf die reellen Zahlen zu erweitern und dadurch die Stetigkeit der reellen Zahlen sicherzustellen, hat der deutsche Mathematiker R. Dedekind im Jahr 1872 in seinem Aufsatz "Stetigkeit und Irrationale Zahlen" einen neuen mathmatischen Begriff $eingef\ddot{u}hrt,\;n\ddot{a}mlich$ 'Schnitt'. Die Menge aller rationalen Zahlen Q wird durch eine rationale Zahl a zu zwei Untermengen $A_1=\{x|x{\leq}a,\;x{\in}Q\}$, $A_2=\{x|x>a,\;x{\in}Q\}$ $vollst\ddot{a}ndig$ geteilt. Wenn wir solche Teilung, d.i. solchen Schnitt mit "$(A_1,\;A_2)$" bezeichnen, ist ein $Identit\ddot{a}tssatz$ "a=$(A_1,\;A_2)$" absolut harmlos. Analog dazu glaubt Dedekind fest, $da{\beta}$ jede irrationale Zahl mit Hilfe von einem entsprechenden Schnitt $einzuf\ddot{u}hren$ ist. Zum Beispiel, falls die zwei Mengen $B_1=\{x|x^2<2,\;x{\in}Q\}$ und $B_2=\{x|x^2>2,\;x{\in}Q\}$ gegeben sind, dann $w\ddot{a}re$ die irrationale Zahl $^{\surd}2$ mit $(B_1,\;B_2)$ gleichzusetzen. Im Fall von einem Schnitt der Menge der rationalen Zahlen durch eine rationale Zahl, $(A_1,\;A_2)$, haben die beiden Untermengen $A_1$ und $A_2$ jwewils ein Supremum und ein Infimum und beide $m\ddot{u}ssen$ identisch sein, aber -wie schon Russell in seinem Buch "Introduction to Mathmatical Philosophy" dies kritisiert- hat ein Schnitt $f\ddot{u}r$ die $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ der irrationalen Zahl, $(B_1,\;B_2)$ keine solche $gl\ddot{u}cklichen$ Eigenschaften. Dennoch glaubt Dedekind an eine streng wissenschaftliche Fundierung der irrationalen Zahl fest, und $w\ddot{u}rde$ nach dem Grund seines Glaubens befragt, $k\ddot{o}nnte$ er nur seine Behauptung wiederholen, ein klarer Fall circulus vitiosus. Mit anderen Worten, die $L\ddot{u}cke$ zwischen $B_1$ und $B_2$ durch die $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ einer [einzigen] wissenschaftlich fundierten irrationalen Zahl $\ddot{u}berbr\ddot{u}ckt$ und das Ganze zu einem Kontinium gemacht werden sollte, bleibt dieses Vorhaben von Dedekind erst als eine Hoffnung und dessen Resultat kann $h\ddot{o}chstens$ nur als ein Postulat, aber keineswegs als ein methodisch einwandfreier Beweis betrachtet werden. Die Probleme, die mit dem Versuch der $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ der irrationalen Zahlen mit Hilfe von Schnitt verbunden sind, sind nicht spezifisch allein im Gebient der Mathmatik, sondern betreffen immer wieder die Rechtfertigungsfrage der $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ der letzten Bestandteile im bezug auf eine Systemerstellung, egal ob dies System ein Wissenschaftliches oder unsere $allt\ddot{a}gliche$ Sprachhandlung ist. $F\ddot{u}r$ all diese Rechtfertigungsfragen gilt das in der klassischen Logik $g\ddot{a}ngige$ logische Prinzip tertium non datur nicht mehr, aber nicht nur wegen der von praktischen $Unm\ddot{o}glichkeit$, die unendlichen vielen $Gegenst\ddot{a}nde$ durchforschen zu $m\ddot{u}ssen$, das $hei{\beta}t$, wegen der erkenntnistheoretischen $Beschr\ddot{a}nktheit$ des jetzigen Erkenntnisniveau, sondern auch wegen des speziellen ontologischen modus der $eizuf\ddot{u}hrenden$ Objekten. Der Autor des Aufsatzes analysiert $\ddot{a}nliche$ $F\ddot{a}lle$ (das Urmeterbeispiel und die Chrakterisierungen der geometrischen Axiome von Wittgenstein), und versucht mit Hilfe von beiden Begriffen, 'interne' und 'externe' Relation, zu zeigen, $da\beta$ eine gemeinsame, invariante Struktur in den eben genannten $F\ddot{a}llen$ besteht. Am Ende des Aufsatzes setzt der Autor sich mit der logischen Argumentationsstruktur des Zitates tiber 'Grenze' aus Noten von Leonardo da Vinci auseinander, und weist auf einen $m\ddot{o}glichen$ Zusammenhang der Grundidee seienes Aufsatzes mit der Philosophie der indischen Denker $N\bar{a}g\bar{a}rjuna$ hin, obwohl die zitierten Versen aus dem Hauptwerk von $N\bar{a}g\bar{a}rjuna$, dem Mittleren Weg$(Madhyamakak\bar{a}rik\bar{a})$ nur andeutend sein $m\ddot{o}gen$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.347-354
• /
• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of maturity at harvest and inoculants on the quality of round baled rye(Secale cereale L.) silage at the experimental field of Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1998. The experiment was consist of split-plot design with 3 replications. The main plots were 3 harvesting stages such as boot(20 April), heading(29 April), and flowering stages(14 May). The subplots wered inoculant treatments : control (untreated), inoculant A, and inoculant B. Acid detergent fiber(ADF), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of rye silage were significantly increased with delayed harvesting date, but there was not significant difference between inoculants. Mean silage pH at flowering stage was the lowest(4.35), but the highest at early harvest(4.91). Inoculants significantly reduced acidity of silage compared with control. Dry matter(DM) content of the control was higher than that of inoculants. Ammonia-N as proportion of total N was below 10% which was maximum level of high quality silage. The addition of inoculants reduced ammonia-N. There were significant difference in organic acid contents between harvesting stages and inoculants. Lactic acid was increased with inoculants, but acetic and butyric acids were decreased. Various treatments increased colony forming unit(CFU) of lactic acid bacteria by 2 or 3 times compared with the control and the highest at flowering stage with inoculant B treatment. Results of this study indicate that use of microbial inoculant and harvesting after heading stage will improve the silage fermentation and quality of round baled rye silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.10
• /
• pp.1391-1399
• /
• 2009

Two hundred and sixteen 68-week-old Hy-Line brown laying hens were used in a 6-week feeding trial to compare the efficacy of phytases Optiphos (OPT) and Natuphos (NAT), which were isolated from Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger, respectively. Hens were randomly allotted into six treatments with six replications (six layers in three adjacent cages) per treatment according to their initial BW. The hens were then subjected to one of the following dietary treatments: i) Positive Control (PC; available phosphorus (AP) 0.4%); ii) Negative control (NC; AP 0.2%); iii) NAT1 (NC+250 FTU/kg NAT); iv) NAT2 (NC+500 FTU/kg NAT); v) OPT1 (NC+250 FTU/kg OPT); vi) OPT2 (NC+500 FTU/kg OPT). Feed intake, egg production, egg quality, apparent nutrient digestibility and serum P and Ca concentration were evaluated to compare the effect of the two phytases. Feed intake and eggshell thickness were not affected by the treatments. Superior effects (p<0.05) of OPT were only observed in egg production and egg weight compared with NAT. Characteristics such as eggshell breaking strength, apparent digestibility of N, Ca and P and serum P concentration were equally increased with the supplementation of both phytases (p<0.05), where no significant difference was observed in those characteristics between PC and phytase supplementation at 500 FTU/kg. Equally effective improvements (p<0.05) were also observed in egg production and DM digestibility, where no improvements were observed (p<0.05) between the PC group and the groups with phytase supplementation at 500 FTU/kg. Equal increases in the serum Ca level were observed when the groups with phytase supplementation were compared to the PC group. Overall, the results of this study suggest that NAT and OPT are equally effective at liberating phytate-bound complexes when included in 0.2% available phosphorus diets for 68-week laying hens; either source of phytase can be fed to commercial 68-week laying hens at 500 FTU/kg to correct the negative effects associated with a 0.2% available phosphorus diet. In conclusion, either source of phytase can be fed to commercial first cycle laying hens at 500 FTU/kg to effectively replace inorganic phosphorus when economically justified.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.260-267
• /
• 2010

As sloped farmland is subject to runoff and soil erosion and consequently require appropriate vegetative coverage to conserve soil and water, a field study was carried out to evaluate the impact of crop canopy coverage on soil loss and runoff from the experimental plot with three different textural types (clay loam, loam, and sandy loam). The runoff and soil loss were examined at lysimeters with 15% slope, 5 m in length, and 2 m in width for five months from May to September 2009 in Suwon ($37^{\circ}$ 16' 42.67" N, $126^{\circ}$ 59' 0.11" E). Red pepper (Capsicum annum L. cv. Daechon) seedlings were transplanted on three different dates, May 4 (RP1), 15 (RP2), and 25 (RP3) to check vegetation coverage. During the experimental period, the vegetation coverage and plant height were measured at 7 day-intervals and then the 'canopy cover subfactor' (an inverse of vegetation cover) was subsequently calculated. After each rainfall ceased, the amounts of soil loss and runoff were measured from each plot. Under rainfall events >100 mm, both soil loss and runoff ratio increased with increasing canopy cover subfactor ($R^2$=0.35, p<0.01, $R^2$=0.09, p<0.1), indicating that as vegetation cover increases, the amount of soil loss and runoff reduces. However, the soil loss and runoff were depending on the soil texture and rainfall intensity (i. e., $EI_{30}$). The red pepper canopy cover subfactor was more highly correlated with soil loss in clay loam ($R^2$=0.83, p<0.001) than in sandy loam ($R^2$=0.48, p<0.05) and loam ($R^2$=0.43, p<0.1) plots. However, the runoff ratio was effectively mitigated by the canopy coverage under the rainfall only with $EI_{30}$<1000 MJ mm $ha^{-1}hr^{-1}$ ($R^2$=0.34, p<0.05). Therefore, this result suggested that soil loss from the red pepper field could be reduced by adjusting seedling transplanting dates, but it was also affected by the various soil textures and $EI_{30}$.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.443-447
• /
• 2015

Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa (Duch.) cultivars, 'Wongyo 3 115' a nd 'Wongyo 3 116', we re bre d as a n inte rme diate parent l ine using heterosis of $F_1$ hybrids in octoploid strawberry. These two new cultivars were developed as inbred lines ($S_9$ generation) propagated from both seed and runners/stolons. 'Wongyo 3115', an inbred line derived from the 'Benihoppe' cultivar, has a semi-upright plant shape showing a vigorless growth habit, weaker than the original 'Benihoppe' cultivar; it has early flower bud differentiation and produces 10 flowers per cluster when grown from healthy seed. 'Wongyo 3115' has low yields of conical type fruit with pink colored skin; average fruit weight is approximately 11 g. The important characteristic of 'Wongyo 3115' is its excellent fruit firmness, firmer than the original variety. 'Wongyo 3116', an inbred line derived from the 'Doyonoka' cultivar, has an upright plant shape, vigorless growth habit, weaker than that of the original 'Doyonoka' cultivar; it has early flower bud differentiation and produces 8 flowers per cluster when grown from healthy seed. 'Wongyo 3 116' has oblate type fruits with red skin and an ave rage weight of approximately 12 g. The important characteristics of 'Wongyo 3116' are excellent fruit shape and higher yield than other inbred lines, although it produces small fruits compared to the original cultivar. Both cultivars have excellent taste, high sugar/acid ratio, and good texture. In regards to disease and pest resistance, 'Wongyo 3115' and 'Wongyo 3116' have a tendency to be sensitive to powdery mildew, anthracnose and the two-spotted spider mite.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.46-54
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of eucalyptus (E. Camaldulensis) crude oils (EuO) supplementation on voluntary feed intake and rumen fermentation characteristics in swamp buffaloes. Four rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes, body weight (BW) of $420{\pm}15.0$ kg, were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were untreated rice straw (RS) without EuO (T1) and with EuO (T2) supplementation, and 3% urea-treated rice straw (UTRS) without EuO (T3) and with EuO (T4) supplementation. The EuO was supplemented at 2 mL/h/d in respective treatment. Experimental animals were kept in individual pens and concentrate mixture was offered at 3 g/kg BW while roughage was fed ad libitum. Total dry matter and roughage intake, and apparent digestibilites of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were improved (p<0.01) by UTRS. There was no effect of EuO supplementation on feed intake and nutrient digestibility. Ruminal pH and temperature were not (p>0.05) affected by either roughage sources or EuO supplementation. However, buffaloes fed UTRS had higher ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen as compared with RS. Total volatile fatty acid and butyrate proportion were similar among treatments, whereas acetate was decreased and propionate molar proportion was increased by EuO supplementation. Feeding UTRS resulted in lower acetate and higher propionate concentration compared to RS. Moreover, supplementation of EuO reduced methane production especially in UTRS treatment. Protozoa populations were reduced by EuO supplementation while fungi zoospores remained the same. Total, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacterial populations were increased (p<0.01) by UTRS; However, EuO supplementation did not affect viable bacteria. Nitrogen intake and in feces were found higher in buffaloes fed UTRS. A positive nitrogen balance (absorption and retention) was in buffaloes fed UTRS. Supplementation of EuO did not affect nitrogen utilization. Both allantoin excretion and absorption and microbial nitrogen supply were increased by UTRS whereas efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was similar in all treatments. Findings of present study suggested that EuO could be used as a feed additive to modify the rumen fermentation in reducing methane production both in RS and UTRS. Feeding UTRS could improve feed intake and efficiency of rumen fermentation in swamp buffaloes. However, more research is warranted to determine the effect of EuO supplementation in production animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.106-111
• /
• 2007

The current study was conducted to determine the optimum length of feed withdrawal for pre-harvest broilers. A total of three hundred broilers were sampled from an industrial population, and 30 chicks for each weight group (e.g., 1.5 and 2.5 kg) were randomly assigned to feed withdrawal treatments for 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h. Weight loss, yield, muscle pH, objective meat color and weights of gastro intestinal contents, crop, gizzard, provenriculus, small intestine, caecum, and rectum were determined. Live weight loss was significantly (p<0.05) increased as length of feed withdrawal extended. A significant (p<0.05) carcass yield for both 1.5 and 2.5 kg groups coincided after 9 and 6 h feed withdrawal, respectively. Net weights of intestinal contents for crop and gizzard were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by 6 h, and the reduction for proventriculus and small intestine occurred from 3 h. A noticeable effect of feed withdrawal on pH for breast muscle at 3 h postmortem occurred only when chicks were fasted for 3 h of which pH (6.05) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that for other groups including the control (5.74). There was a linear tendency of higher lightness (Hunter L* value) numerically for chicks fasted for longer periods. The highest coefficient of determinations of regression models to estimate weight loss as a function of fasting period and body weights were achieved, when the models included both linear and quadratic terms for fasting period, and linear term for both 1.5 ($R^2=0.76$) and 2.5 kg ($R^2=0.78$) body weight groups. Given the practical aspect, approximately 1.5 kg of body weight is dominant, weight loss could be predicted by the following function; live weight $loss=26.6-0.28{\times}(fasting period)^2+12.34{\times}pasting\;period-0.012{\times}body\;weight$, $R^2=0.76$. Current data implied that the optimum fasting time for pre-slaughter chicks varied depending on slaughter weight; 6 and 9-h fasting were recommendable for 2.5 and 1.5 kg chicks, with little effect on objective meat color.