• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-82
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• 2019

In this study, students' multiplication expression method according to visual model was analyzed through paper test and eye tracking test. As a result of the paper-pencil test, students were presented with multiplication formula. In the group model (number of individual pieces in a group) ${\times}$ (number of group) in the array model (column) ${\times}$ (row), but in the array model, the proportion of students who answered the multiplication formula in the (row) ${\times}$ (column). From these results, we derived the appropriate model presentation method for multiplication instruction and the multiplication expression method for visual model.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.152-157
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• 1997

Infection of human fibroblast (HF) cells with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) result in changes in the intracellular level of second messengers. Since nitric oxide (NO) production has been known to be related with other second messengers, it is probable that HCMV infection of HF cells may involve NO. To test this possibility, the amount of NO was measured following ogenous addition of NO generators such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or S-nitroso-N-a-cetylpenicillamine (SNAP) immediately after HCMV infection, however, inhibited virus multiplication. Furthermore, immunoblot experiment using monoclonal antibody to HCMV major immediate early (MIE) proteins or CAT assay using pCMVIE/CAT (plasmid containing CAT gene driven by HCMV MIE promoter) revealed that SNP or SNAP blocked the MIE gene expression. SNP was more effective than SNAP in hibiting HCMV multiplication or MIE gene expression. SNP produced more NO than SNAP in inhibiting HCMV multiplication or MIE gene expression. SNP produced more NO than SNAP. Although the mechanism for the inhibition of HCMV multiplication and MIE gene expression by NO is still elusive some correlation with NO-mediated inhibition of HCMV-induced increase in cytosolic free Ca$\^$2+/ concentration ([Ca$\^$2+/]) was observed. The increase of [Ca$\^$2+/] following HCMV infection was inhibited by SNP, and less effectively by SNAP. Raising [Ca$\^$2+/ with bromo-A23187 partially reversed the SNP block of MIE gene expression. Thus, there appear to e some relationships among NO. [Ca$\^$2+/], and HCMV MIE gene expression.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.921-932
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• 2021

LINC01272 is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that has been considered as a biomarker for many diseases including lung squamous cell carcinoma. Here, we investigated the function and mechanism of LINC01272 on lung cancer (LC). The differential expression of LINC01272 in LC and normal samples was analyzed by GEPIA based on the data from TCGA-LUAD database, as survival prognosis was analyzed through Kaplan-Meier Plotter. LINC01272 overexpression plasmid and miR-7-5p mimic were transfected into A549 and PC-9 cells. LINC01272, miR-7-5p and cardiolipin synthase 1 (CRLS1) mRNA expression was measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Cell viability was detected through MTT assay. Cell multiplication was evaluated by cell formation assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed through flow cytometry assay. Through bioinformatics, the target miRNA of LINC01272 and downstream genes of miR-7-5p were predicted. The targeting relationship was tested by dual luciferase reporter analysis. CRLS1, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), BCL2-associated X (Bax) and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels were detected through western blot. LINC01272 was downregulated in LC and low LINC01272 expression had poor prognosis. In A549 and PC-9 cells, LINC01272 inhibited cell viability and multiplication and induced apoptosis. LINC01272 negatively regulated miR-7-5p and CRLS1 was a target of miR-7-5p. MiR-7-5p reversed the effect of LINC01272 on viability, multiplication, apoptosis and expression of miR-7-5p and CRLS1 as well as apoptosis-related factors (Bcl-2, Bax and cleaved caspase-3). LINC01272 suppressed cell multiplication and induced apoptosis via regulating the miR-7-5p/CRLS1 axis in LC.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.1867-1875
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• 2011

In this paper, a low-area 256-point FFT structure is proposed. For low-area implementation CSD(Canonic Signed Digit) multiplier method is chosen. Because multiplication type should be less for efficient CSD multiplier application to the FFT structure, the Radix-$4^2$ algorithm is chosen for those purposes. After, in the proposed structure, the number of multiplication type is minimized in each multiplication block, the CSD multipliers are applied for implementation of multiplication. Furthermore, in CSD multiplier implementation, cell-area is more reduced through common sub-expression sharing(CSS). The Verilog-HDL coding result shows 29.9% cell area reduction in the complex multiplication part and 12.54% cell area reduction in overall 256-point FFT structure comparison with those of the conventional structure.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2014

The variation in the level of immune response related gene expression in silkworm, Bombyx mori following infection with Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) was analyzed at different time intervals. The occlusion bodies of BmNPV orally inoculated to the two most divergent silkworm races viz., Sarupat (resistant to BmNPV infection) and CSR2 (susceptible to BmNPV infection) were subjected to oral BmNPV inoculation. The expression profile of gp 41 gene of BmNPV in the Sarupat and CSR2 races revealed that the virus could invade the midguts of both susceptible and resistant races. However, its multiplication was significantly less in the midgut of resistant race, while, in the susceptible race, the viral multiplication reached maximum level within 12 h. These findings indicate that potential host genes are involved in the inhibition of viral multiplication within larval midgut. The immune response genes arylphorin, cathepsin B, gloverin, lebocin, serpin, Hsp 19.9, Hsp 20.1, Hsp 20.4, Hsp 20.8, Hsp 21.4, Hsp 23.7, Hsp 40, Hsp 70, Hsp90 revealed differential level of expression on NPV infection. The gloverin, serpin, Hsp 23.7 and Hsp 40 genes are significantly up-regulated in the resistant race after NPV infection. The early up-regulation of these genes suggests that these genes could play an important role in baculovirus resistance in the silkworm, B. mori.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.11A
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• pp.1092-1097
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose a low-power Booth multiplication which reduces the switching activities of partial products during multiplication process. Radix-4 Booth algorithm has a characteristic that produces the Booth encoded products with zero when input data have sequentially equal values (0 or 1). Therefore, partial products have higher chances of being zero when an input with a smaller effective dynamic range of two multiplication inputs is used as a multiplier data instead of a multiplicand. The proposed multiplier divides a multiplication expression into several multiplication expressions with smaller bits than those of an original input data, and each multiplication is computed independently for the Booth encoding. Finally, the results of each multiplication are added. This means that the proposed multiplier has a higher chance to have zero encoded products so that we can implement a low power multiplier with the smaller switching activity. Implementation results show the proposed multiplier can save maximally about $20\%$ power dissipation than a previous Booth multiplier.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.1188-1193
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• 2004

So far, there have been grossly 3 types of studies on GF(2m) multiplier architecture, such as serial multiplication, array multiplication, and hybrid multiplication. Serial multiplication method was first suggested by Mastrovito (1), to be known as the basic CF(2m) multiplication architecture, and this method was adopted in the array multiplier (2), consuming m times as much resource in parallel to extract m times of speed. In 1999, Paar studied further to get the benefit of both architecture, presenting the hybrid multiplication architecture (3). However, the hybrid architecture has defect that only complex ordo. of finite field should be used. In this paper, we propose a novel approach on developing serial multiplier architecture based on Mastrovito's, by modifying the numerical formula of the polynomial-basis serial multiplication. The proposed multiplier architecture was described and implemented in HDL so that the novel architecture was simulated and verified in the level of hardware as well as software. The implemented GF(2m) multiplier shows t times as fast as the traditional one, if we modularized the numerical expression by t number of parts.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.12C
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• pp.1256-1261
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose a low-power Booth multiplication which reduces the switching activities of partial products during multiplication process. Radix-4 Booth algorithm has a characteristic that produces the Booth encoded products with zero when input data have sequentially equal values (0 or 1). Therefore, partial products have higher chances of being zero when an input with a smaller effective dynamic range of two multiplication inputs is used as a multiplier data instead of a multiplicand. The proposed multiplier divides a multiplication expression into several multiplication expressions with smaller bits than those of an original input data, and each multiplication is computed independently for the Booth encoding. Finally, the results of each multiplication are added. This means that the proposed multiplier has a higher chance to have zero encoded products so that we can implement a low power multiplier with the smaller switching activity. Implementation results show the proposed multiplier can save maximally about $20\%$ power dissipation than a previous Booth multiplier.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.556-570
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• 2021

The existing video expression recognition methods mainly focus on the spatial feature extraction of video expression images, but tend to ignore the dynamic features of video sequences. To solve this problem, a multi-mode convolution neural network method is proposed to effectively improve the performance of facial expression recognition in video. Firstly, OpenFace 2.0 is used to detect face images in video, and two deep convolution neural networks are used to extract spatiotemporal expression features. Furthermore, spatial convolution neural network is used to extract the spatial information features of each static expression image, and the dynamic information feature is extracted from the optical flow information of multiple expression images based on temporal convolution neural network. Then, the spatiotemporal features learned by the two deep convolution neural networks are fused by multiplication. Finally, the fused features are input into support vector machine to realize the facial expression classification. Experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of the proposed method can reach 64.57% and 60.89%, respectively on RML and Baum-ls datasets. It is better than that of other contrast methods.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.17-24
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• 2002

It will be described the discovery of fundamental algebras such as complex numbers and the quaternions. Cardano(1539) was the first to introduce special types of complex numbers such as 5$\pm$$\sqrt{-15}$. Girald called the number a$\pm$$\sqrt{-b}$ solutions impossible. The term imaginary numbers was introduced by Descartes(1629) in “Discours la methode, La geometrie.” Euler knew the geometrical representation of complex numbers by points in a plane. Geometrical definitions of the addition and multiplication of complex numbers conceiving as directed line segments in a plane were given by Gauss in 1831. The expression “complex numbers” seems to be Gauss. Hamilton(1843) defined the complex numbers as paire of real numbers subject to conventional rules of addition and multiplication. Cauchy(1874) interpreted the complex numbers as residue classes of polynomials in R[x] modulo $x^2$＋1. Sophus Lie(1880) introduced commutators [a, b] by the way expressing infinitesimal transformation as differential operations. In this paper, it will be studied general quaternion algebras to finding of algebraic structure in Algebras.