• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.188-192
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• 2018

In this study, we fabricated an $NO_X$ gas sensor using a composite film of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)/zinc oxide (ZnO). Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) show good electronic conductivity and chemical-stability, and zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide band gap semiconductor with a large exciton binding energy. Gas sensors require characteristics such as high speed, sensitivity, and selectivity. The fabricated gas sensor was used to detect $NO_X$ gas at different $NO_X$ concentrations. The sensitivity of the gas sensor increased with increasing gas concentrations. Additionally, while changing the temperature inside the chamber containing the MWCNT/ZnO gas sensor, we obtained the sensitivity and normalized responses for detecting $NO_X$ gas in comparison to ZnO and MWCNT film gas sensors. From the experimental results, we confirmed that the gas sensor sensing mechanism was enhanced in the composite-film gas-sensor and that the electronic interaction between MWCNT and ZnO contributed to the improved sensor performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2008

Swirl injector with adjustable backhole length was analyzed to suppress high-frequency combustion instability in Liquid Rocket Engines. In order to analyze the effect of swirl injector as an acoustic absorber, swirl injector was regarded as a quarter-wave resonator and its damping capacity is verified in atmospheric temperature. Experiments were carried out with copied tubes on air core because the interior air core volume of injector has a direct effect on damping. From the experimental data, it is proved that increasing the number of injectors mounted at each anti-node point can increase acoustic damping effect. Also, when tuned injectors at 1L, 1T, 1L1T modes simultaneously are installed at each anti-node point of model chamber, the damping effect of tuned injectors with multi modes agree well with it of tuned injectors with single mode.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 2010

It is important to measure the mechanical properties of nanostructures because they are required to determine the lifetime and reliability of nanodevices developed for various fields. In this study, tensile tests for a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and a ZnO nanorod were performed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The force sensor was a cantilever type and was mounted in front of a nanomanipulator placed in the chamber. The nanomanipulator was controlled using a joystick and personal computer. The nanostructures dispersed on the cut area of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) grid were gripped with the force sensor by exposing an electron beam in the SEM; the tensile tests were the performed. The in situ tensile loads of the nanostructure were obtained. After the tensile test, the cross-sectional areas of the nanostructures were observed by TEM and SEM. Based on the TEM and SEM results, the elastic modulus of the MWCNT and ZnO nanorod were calculated to be 0.98 TPa and 55.85 GPa, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.312-316
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• 2016

In this study, we fabricated $NO_x$ gas sensor by using multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNT)/zinc oxide(ZnO) composite film. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have good electronic, chemical-stability, and sensitivity characteristics. And zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide band gap and large exciton binding energy semiconductor. In particular, gas sensors require characteristics such as high speed, sensitivity, and selectivity. The fabricated gas sensor was used to detect $NO_x$ gas for different values of the $NO_x$ gas concentrations. The gas sensor that absorbed$NO_x$ gas molecules showed a increasing in resistance. The sensitivity of the gas sensor was increased by increasing the gas concentrations. Additionally, while changing the temperature inside the chamber for the MWCNT/ZnO composite film gas sensor, we obtained the sensitivity. And the comparison analysis to ZnO film gas sensor for detecting $NO_x$ gas. From the experiment result, we confirmed improvement of $NO_x$ gas detection characteristics using the MWCNT/ZnO composite film.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.469-473
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• 2009

We present high-voltage liquid-electrolyte microbatteries, inspired from the high-voltage generation mechanism of electric eels using serially connected multiple-cell arrays. In the microbatteries, we purge air into the electrolyte filled in a channel layer to isolate serially connected multiple cell arrays using three surface-tension valves (cell-front, outlet, and cell-end valves). Compared to the previous multi-cell stack or interconnection, present microbatteries provide a reduced multi-cell charging time. We have designed and characterized four different prototypes C1, C10, C20, and C40 having 1, 10, 20, and 40 cells, respectively. In the experimental study, the threshold pressures of cell-front, outlet, and cell-end valves were measured as $460{\pm}47$, $1,000{\pm}53$, and $2,800{\pm}170$ Pa, respectively. The average charging time for C40 was measured as $26.8{\pm}4.9$ seconds where the electrolyte and air flow-rates are 100 and $10{\mu}l/min$, respectively. Microbatteries showed the maximum voltage of 12 V (C40), the maximum power density of $110{\mu}W/cm^2$ (C40), and the maximum power capacity of $2.1{\mu}Ah/cm^2$ (C40). We also proposed a tapered-channel to remove the reaction gas from the cell chamber using a surface tension effect. The present microbatteries are applicable to high-voltage portable power devices.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.248-256
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• 2016

The main purpose of this paper was to analyze the removal characteristics of gas/particulate phase pollutants for the present system. Experimentally, we performed to estimate the pressure drop and air pollution removal efficiency with physical variables such as stage number, tube velocity, tube diameter, water spray ($NH_4OH$), and so on. It was concluded that the pressure drop was shown below $111mmH_2O$ lower than that of the existing scrubber (centrifugal spray chamber, over 200 mmAq) at inlet velocity 3.46 m/s and 5 stage. The particular removal efficiency of this system was to be significantly higher at 99.8% in comparison with that of the existing scrubber for 5 stage, inlet velocity 3.46 m/s and $NH_4OH$ (aq) 300 mL/min. It was estimated that the removal efficiencies of $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ were 80% and 70% at system inlet velocity 2.07 m/s and $NH_4OH$ (aq) 300 mL/min respectively. Additionally, the present collection system was to be considered as an effective compact system for simultaneous removal of air pollutants (gas/particulate) due to much higher removal efficiency and appropriate pressure drop without a demister.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.55-62
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• 1998

While excellent joint quality has been obtained using dry chamber underwater welding methods, the size limitations imposed by this process restrict its use for underwater construction work. The wet underwater shielded metal-arc welding eliminates this restriction but suffers from poor weld properties by the 1-pass bead-on-plate welding due to the excessive diffusible hydrogen. On the other hand, in the wet underwater welding, it is well known that the quantity of diffusible hydrogen in multi-pass welded parts reduce to less than that in 1-pass welded parts. Therefore, in this paper, welding experiments are made the 3-pass bead-on-plate welds by using TMCP and normalized steel plates and E4301 and cellulose coated electrode. After that, The amounts of the hydrogen absorbed into the 3-pass welded area were measured according to the JIS Z 3118 specification. The microstructural changes as well as the microhardness distribution after the underwater 3-pass welding were also investigated using Vickers microhardness tester and S.E.M and O.M. The results indicated that the quantity of diffusible hydrogen in 3-pass welded areas was reduced little less than a half of one of that in 1-pass welded areas at the specific welding condition. As a result, the cold cracking of 3-pass welded areas decreased by reduced effect of diffusible hydrogen. In the underwater 3-pass welding, the micrography of cold cracking fracture surface showed mainly the cleavage of hydrogen embrittlement.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.7-12
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• 2007

Swirl injector with multi-stage tangential entry was analyzed to suppress high-frequency combustion instability in Liquid Rocket Engines. In order to analyze the effect of swirl injector as an acoustic absorber, swirl injector was regarded as a quarter-wave resonator and it's damping capacity is verified in atmospheric temperature. It has a finite mode of vibration and natural frequencies which can be tuned to the natural frequencies of a model combustion chamber. When the targeted injector for each modes is located at anti-node point, the amplitude of modes was decreased. And when the injector of large diameter is mounted, the split of mode which accompanies the decrease of amplitude appeared. From the experimental data, it is proved that if the location of injector mounted is located at an anti-node position of the targeted modes with proper volume, the amplitude of modes is decreased and the split of modes occurs at anti-node point.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.399-404
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• 2011

A LEGO-type multi-purpose dosimetry phantom was developed for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), which requires various types of challenging dosimetry. Polystyrene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyurethane foam (PU-F) were selected to represent muscle, fat, bone, and lung tissue, respectively, after considering the relevant mass densities, elemental compositions, effective atomic numbers, and photon interaction coefficients. The phantom, which is composed of numerous small pieces that are similar to LEGO blocks, provides dose and dose distribution measurements in homogeneous and heterogeneous media. The phantom includes dosimeter holders for several types of dosimeters that are frequently used in IMRT dosimetry. An ion chamber and a diode detector were used to test dosimetry in heterogeneous media under radiation fields of various sizes. The data that were measured using these dosimeters were in disagreement when the field sizes were smaller than $1.5{\times}1.5\;cm^2$ for polystyrene and PTFE, or smaller than $3{\times}3\;cm^2$ for an air cavity. The discrepancy was as large as 41% for the air cavity when the field size was $0.7{\times}0.7\;cm^2$, highlighting one of the challenges of IMRT small field dosimetry. The LEGO-type phantom is also very useful for two-dimensional dosimetry analysis, which elucidates the electronic dis-equilibrium phenomena on or near the heterogeneity boundaries.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.702-715
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• 1990

This paper describes behaviors of two-phase open channel flow inside the flash chamber of a horizontal Multi-Stage-Flash evaporator numerically along with the experimental observations. Bubble trajectories and the velocity and temperature distributions of the liquid phase were predicted by using the particle-source-in-cell(PSI-Cell) method with the appropriate bubble motion/growth equations. Size and number of bubble nuclei embedded in the incoming liquid(brine) were taken into account as important parameters in addition to the conventional ones such as the velocity, degree of inlet superheat, inlet opening height, and the liquid level. Bubble motions, which are unsteady, appeared to be mostly determined by the buoyancy and the drag forces. The calculations, though a number of simplifying assumptions were made, reasonably simulated the hydrodynamic behaviors of the two-phase horizontal stream observed in the experiments. The simulated temperature distributions also agreed fairly well with the other's measurements. Non-equilibrium allownaces, evaluated from the simulated temperature distributions, were within the range of those obtained from the existing correlations, and reduced with the increases of the number and size of incoming bubble nuclei due to vigorous flashing.