• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.735-742
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• 2010

Biogenic amines are synthesized by microbial decarboxylation for the putrefaction or fermentation of foods containing protein. Although biogenic amines such as histamine, tyramine, and putrescine are required for many physiological functions in humans and animals, consumption of high amounts of biogenic amines can cause toxicological effects, including serious gastrointestinal, cutaneous, hemodynamic, and neurological symptoms. In this study, a novel amperometric biosensor wasdeveloped to detect biogenic amines. The biosensor consisted of a working electrode, a reference electrode, a counter electrode, an enzyme reactor with immobilized diamine oxidase, an injector, a peristaltic pump and a potentiostat. A working electrode was fabricated with a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by coating functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-$NH_2$) and by electrodepositing Prussian blue (PB) to enhance electrical conductivity. A sensor system with PB/MWCNT-$NH_2$/GCE showed linearity in the range of $0.5 {\mu}M{\sim}100 {\mu}M$ hydrogen peroxide with a detection limit of $0.5 {\mu}M$. The responses for tyramine, 2-phenylethylamine, and tryptamine were 95%, 75%, and 70% compared to that of histamine, respectively. These results imply that the biosensor system can be applied to the quantitative measurement of biogenic amines.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1575-1584
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• 2022

Objective: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with sunflower meal (SFM) with added exogenous multienzymes (MEs) on various biological parameters in broilers. Methods: One week-old, 400 broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatments (control, 3SFM, 6SFM, and 9SFM) with 5 replicates/treatment (20 chicks/replicate). Control diet was without SFM and MEs, while diets of 3SFM, 6SFM, and 9SFM treatments were prepared by replacing SBM with SFM at levels of 3%, 6%, and 9%, respectively, and were supplemented with MEs (100 mg/kg). Feeding trial was divided into grower (8 to 21 day) and finisher phases (22 to 35 day). External marker method was used to measure the nutrient digestibility. At the end of trial, twenty birds (one birds per replicate) with similar body weight were slaughtered for samples collection. Results: No significant effect of dietary treatments was found on all parameters of growth performance and carcass characteristics, except relative weight of bursa. Weight (25.0 g) and length (15.80 cm) of duodenum were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM than control. Lowest (p<0.05) villus height/crypt depth ratio was found in 3SFM and 9SFM than control. Most of meat quality parameters remained unaffected, however, highest pH of breast meat (6.16) and thigh meat (6.44) were observed in 9SFM and 3SFM, respectively. Lowest (p<0.05) cook loss of thigh meat was found in 6SFM (31.76%). Ileal digestibility of crude protein was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM (72.35%) than control (69.46%). In addition, amylase (16.87 U/mg) and protease (85.18 U/mg) activities were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM than control. However, cecal microbial count remained unaffected. Conclusion: Partial replacement (up to 9%) of SBM with SFM, with added MEs can help to improve the nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities without affecting cecal microbial count and growth performance in broilers.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1011-1017
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• 2010

A novel dioscin-glycosidase that specifically hydrolyzes multi-glycosides, such as 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-rhamnoside, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}2$)-rhamnoside, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-arabinoside, and ${\beta}$-D-glucoside, on diosgenin was isolated from the Absidia sp.d38 strain, purified, and characterized. The molecular mass of the new dioscin-glycosidase is about 55 kDa based on SDS-PAGE. The dioscin-glycosidase gradually hydrolyzes either 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-Rha or 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}2$)-Rha from dioscin into 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-Rha-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin, further rapidly hydrolyzes the other ${\alpha}$-L-Rha from 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-Rha-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin into the main intermediate products of 3-O-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin, and subsequently hydrolyzes these intermediate products into aglycone as the final product. The enzyme also gradually hydrolyzes 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-arabinoside, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}2$)-rhamnoside, and ${\beta}$-D-glucoside from [3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-Ara, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-Rha]-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin into diosgenin as the final product, exhibiting significant differences from previously reported glycosidases. The optimal temperature and pH for the new dioscin-glycosidase is $40^{\circ}C$ and 5.0, respectively. Whereas the activity of the new dioscin-glycosidase was not affected by $Na^+$, $K^+$, and $Mg^{2+}$ ions, it was significantly inhibited by $Cu^{2+}$ and $Hg^{2+}$ ions, and slightly affected by $Ca^{2+}$ ions.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.3
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• pp.251-256
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• 2011

The prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), which is resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, has been increasing in Korea. And the side effects of 2nd line anti-tuberculosis medications, including drug-induced hepatitis, are well known. Although prothionamide (PTH) is one of the most useful anti-TB medications and although TB medication-induced acute hepatitis is a severe complication, there are only a few published case reports about prothionamide induced hepatitis. In this case report, a 22 year old male was diagnosed with pulmonary MDR-TB and was administered 2nd line anti-TB mediations, including PTH. Afterwards, he had a spiking fever and his liver enzymes were more than 5 times greater than the upper limit of the normal range. He was then diagnosed with drug-induced hepatitis by liver biopsy. His symptoms and liver enzyme elevation were improved after stopping PTH. Accordingly, we report this case of an association between PTH and acute hepatitis.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.791-800
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• 2007

Ethylene performs an important function in plant growth and development. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (ACS), the key enzyme involved in ethylene biosynthesis, has been the focus of most ethylene studies. Here, a cotton ACS gene referred to as Gossypium hirsutum ACS1 (GhACS1), was isolated. The full-length cDNA of GhACS1 encodes for a 476-amino acid protein which harbors seven conserved regions, 11 invariant amino acid residues, and the PLP binding active site, all of which characterize ACC synthases. Alignment analysis showed that GhACS1 shared a high degree of identity with other known ACC synthases from different species. Two introns were detected in the genomic DNA sequence, and the results of Southern blot analysis suggested that there might be a multi-gene family encoding for ACC synthase in cotton. From the phylogenetic tree constructed with 24 different kinds of ACC synthases, we determined that GhACS1 falls into group II, and was closely associated with the wound-inducible ACS of citrus. The analysis of the 5' flanking region of GhACS1 revealed a group of putative cis-acting elements. The results of expression analysis showed that GhACS1 displayed its transient expression nature after wounding, abscisic acid (ABA), and $CuCl_2$ treatments. These results indicate that GhACS1, which was transiently expressed in response to certain stimuli, may be involved in the production of ethylene for the transmission of stress signals.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2000

Vacuolar (H$^{+}$)-ATPase (V-ATPase) is an intracellular protein which consists of multiple subunits. It carries out acidification by pumping protons in the cell. This enzyme has also been found in the synaptic vesicles and may play an important role in the neurotransmission. We cloned cDNA fragments encoding the 16 kDa subunit of V-ATPase from the rat brain by RT-PCR and PCR using total RNA or recombinant phage DNA as templates. They contained the full coding sequences (468 bp) and one nucleotide at 3' region turned out to be different (A to C) when compared to the liver counterpart. However, this polymorphic difference did not cause any significant change in the primary structure of the protein because both GCA and GCC code for alanine. Our study would contribute to the understanding of the function of 16 M)a V-ATPase in the brain and of the mechanisms of neurotransmission.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.450-455
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• 1998

Aspergillus oryzae M-2-3 strain (argB$\^$-/) was transformed with pTAalp plasmid which was constructed for expression of the alkaline pretense gene, alpA, and 16 transformants were selected on arginine minus medium. When these transformants were tested for productivity of alkaline proteases using agar plate containing skim milk, the halo was observed around each colony of transformants, but not observed around the host strain in this condition. Southern analysis showed that the pTAalp plasmid having alpA gene was integrated into the chromosome of the host strain. The highest level of alkaline protease production was obtained in the culture filtrate of the transformant No. 14, which was estimated to 80-90% of total secreted proteins, and the enzyme activity was 64-450 times higher than those of host strain and industrial strain. Total nitrogen content and the digestion rate in soybean Koji extracts were also increased to 1.5 times in Aspergillus oryzae transformant No. 14.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.251-257
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• 2014

Chungsimyeonja-tang (CSYJT) is an herbal decoction that consists with 12 herbal medicines. CSYJT has been shown to have anti-stress, anti-allergic and anti-oxidant effects. The aim of this study was to determine flavonoid contents in CSYJT and evaluate its protective effect against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity using both in vitro (porcine renal epithelial cell; PK15 cell) and in vivo (Sprague Dawley rat) experiments. In the present study, thee mean contents of baicalin, wogonoside and baicalein in CSYJT were 14.65, 5.27 and 0.02 mg/g, respectively. The CSYJT extract treatment attenuated the following alteration in porcine renal epithelial (PK15) cell: the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), the glutathione depletion and the increase in p53 expression induced by cisplatin treatment. In the in vivo study, rats were orally treated with CSYJT extract once a day for 28 days. Five days before the last treatment, cisplatin (5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to induce acute renal failure. Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) levels after cisplatin treatment were ameliorated by pretreatment of CSYJT extract. In addition, lipid peroxidation was decreased and antioxidant enzyme (glutathione) was recovered in CSYJT pretreated kidney tissue. In histopathological examination, CSYJT pretreated group showed ameliorated pathological alteration after cisplatin injection with decreased apoptosis. Taken together, pretreatment of CSYJT could ameliorate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.3219-3226
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• 2014

Chemotherapy continues to be a mainstay of cancer treatment, although drug resistance is a major obstacle. Lipid metabolism plays a critical role in cancer pathology, with elevated ether lipid levels. Recently, alkylglyceronephosphate synthase (AGPS), an enzyme that catalyzes the critical step in ether lipid synthesis, was shown to be up-regulated in multiple types of cancer cells and primary tumors. Here, we demonstrated that silencing of AGPS in chemotherapy resistance glioma U87MG/DDP and hepatic carcinoma HepG2/ADM cell lines resulted in reduced cell proliferation, increased drug sensitivity, cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis through reducing the intracellular concentration of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), lysophosphatidic acid-ether (LPAe) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), resulting in reduction of LPA receptor and EP receptors mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathways and the expression of several multi-drug resistance genes, like MDR1, MRP1 and ABCG2. ${\beta}$-catenin, caspase-3/8, Bcl-2 and survivin were also found to be involved. In summary, our studies indicate that AGPS plays a role in cancer chemotherapy resistance by mediating signaling lipid metabolism in cancer cells.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.269-280
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• 2010

Lilium ${\times}$ formolongi was genetically engineered by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with the plasmid pCrtZW-N8idi-crtEBIY, which contains seven enzyme genes under the regulation of the CaMV 35S promoter. In the transformants, ketocarotenoids were detected in both calli and leaves, which showed a strong orange color. In transgenic calli, the total amount of carotenoids [133.3 ${\mu}g/g$ fresh weight (FW)] was 26.1-fold higher than in wild-type calli. The chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency in transgenic orange plantlets were significantly lowered; however, after several months of subculture, they had turned into plantlets with green leaves that showed significant increases in chlorophyll and photosynthetic efficiency. The total carotenoid contents in leaves of transgenic orange and green plantlets were quantified at 102.9 and 135.2 ${\mu}g/g$ FW, respectively, corresponding to 5.6- and 7.4-fold increases over the levels in the wild-type. Ketocarotenoids such as echinenone, canthaxanthin, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, and astaxanthin were detected in both transgenic calli and orange leaves. A significant change in the type and composition of ketocarotenoids was observed during the transition from orange transgenic plantlets to green plantlets. Although 3'-hydroxyechinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, astaxanthin, and adonirubin were absent, and echinenone and canthaxanthin were present at lower levels, interestingly, the upregulation of carotenoid biosynthesis led to an increase in the total carotenoid concentration (+31.4%) in leaves of the transgenic green plantlets.