• Health Policy and Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-51
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• 1998

compensation is a major function of human resources management. The hospital industry is characterized by its remarkable labor intensity and human resource input by unit. That is why the hospital industry has a higher level of wage/cost ration. The issues of how much the hospital personnel's direct financial compensation amounts to and how the organizational and other factors generate compensation differentiation, are central problems for research in hospitals. But there have been few approaches to study staff compensation in hospitals, its magnitude and inter-hospital relative compensation amounts for the same personnel. A worker who moves from low-wage to a high-wage employer can usually increase his or her pay without change in job description. This means in the cases of same jobs, relative importance is different for each hospitals. The purpse of this study were to find the compensation levels of hospital personnel and to determine the factors affecting compensation levels of hospital personnel. The unit of analysis is the hospital and 145 hospitals were studied for nurse(RN), medical technoloist(MT), managerial personnel(MP) and 100 hospitals for medical doctor(MD). In this study the definitions of direct financial compensation are before tax, excluding employer's contriution and total annual remuneration received by the employee. Main findings of the research can be summarized as follows. 1. Direct financial compensation of hospital personnel are MD 45,056,000 won, RN 9,222,000 won, MT 9,513,000 won and MP 9,185,000 won in the starting year's employment in hospital. 2. According to determinants of hospital personnel compensations, there are no statistical significant variables to determine the level of MD's compensation. Wlith RN and MT's compensation level, the greater the patient revenue per 100 hospital beds, the higher the RN compensation and the tertiary hospital's compensation is much more than other types of hospitals. The location of hospital is another determinant factor for the MT's compensation level. Hospitals that are in the uban area have lower compensation level than rural area. There are the same results in MP with MT. Conclusions can be drawn from the results of the study. First, the wage differentiation of MD and other health personnel still remains and the differentiation existed in inter and intra job personnel of hospitals. Second, determinants of hospital personnel personnel compensation level are patient revenue, location, and type of hospital level.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.509-513
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• 2010

Recently, an amount of waste electronic devices such as LED and trichromatic fluorescent lamp has increased with the development of electronic industry. Reportedly, rare earth metals such as yttrium and europium have been discovered in the waste electronic devices. In order to improve the selectivity of yttrium and europium, the effects of the following factors on recovery experiment have been considered : i) fatty acids with various alkyl chain lengths, ii) the concentration of extractant, and iii) pH. The results show that the extraction efficiencies decrease at the same pH with decreasing the concentration of extractant and so $pH_{0.5}$ (That value of pH in an aqueous phase at which the distribution ratio is unity at equilibrium: 50% of the solute is extracted (E = 0.5) only when the phase ratio is unity.) moves into higher pH. The highest selectivity of yttrium and europium was obtained with tetradecanoic acid as extractant. The extraction mechanism of yttrium and europium was varied with the change of concentration of the tetradecanoic acid. $MR_3$single-species was formed from the yttrium and europium ion in the extractant concentration less than 0.1 M. On the other hand, the yttrium or europium ion is solvated with three molecules of tetradecanoic acid monomer like $MR_3{\cdot}$ 3RH in the extractant concentration more than 0.1 M.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 1999

In this study, the stability analysis of a fishing vessel in a seaway was done. The stability analysis is an important item in the ship design, and so the ship registers of each nation constrain the ships to be followed the stability criterion. Stability variation, exciting forces due to wave and wind, and the broaching phenomena cause the capsizing of a ship. In this study, the stability analysis to study of the capsizing of a fishing vessel was performed. The relation between the speed of the ship and the wave length, that makes the encountering frequency vanish, was obtained. It was found that the encountering frequency tend to be zero when the wave whose length and direction are similar to those of ship. In this case, the possibility of dangerous situation becomes high. The calculated restoring arm becomes small when the ship is located near the wave crest. In general, the selected small fishing vessel is better than the large ship with respect to the stability, however the wave height becomes relatively high because of her small length Kim(l994) calculated the stability variation of the large cargo ship, the results of which showed the changes in stability great. But in the selected small fishing vessel in this study, the changes was small in comparison with the larger ship. This reason seems to be the shape of her midship section. In large cargo ships, the block coefficient is large, but that of the fishing vessel is relatively small and the small fishing vessel has chine, therefore the center of buoyancy moves much when the ship is inclined. It is desirable that the dynamic stability analysis for a fishing vessel, whose speed and direction are similar to those of waves, shall be done in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-61
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• 1985

The purse-seine fishery is very important in the coastal fishery of Korea and the main fish species of this fishery are mackerals and also the main fishing grounds are Tushima Current region, To investigate the relationship between the fishing grounds of mackerels and oceanographic condition, the distribution of mean catches of mackerals of each size (1974~1982) was firstly examined and the oceanographic observation carried out in eastern and western area of Cheju island, being main fishing grounds, in July and October, 1983. The results are as follows: The main fishing grounds of mackerals were also in the Tsushima Current region in southern sea of Korea and the season of the good catches are in May and September to October. The small and medium size of mackerals of which the body lengths are 27 cm to 31 cm, about 2-3 ages, occupied about 90% but the smaller size mackerals of which body lenth is 22 cm (1 age)were about 40 to 70% in February to March. The locations of seasonal fishing grounds could founded by 15$^{\circ}C$ isotherm which indicates the Tsushima Current Water. With trace of this isotherm it was founded that the fishing grounds near the Korean Strait than that of south of Cheju island moves faster northward and/or later southward. The main fishing grounds eastward and westward of Cheju island were the front areas formed between the Tsushima Current Water and the southern coastal water of Korea or Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water. And also the distributions of transparences, water colors and the penetration of sun light of this fishing grounds were similar to that of the temperature, the salinity or volume of planktonic organism.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 1999

The spreading fire of very small floating particles after they are ignited is fast and t therefore dangerous. The research on this area has been limited to experiments and global simulations which treat them as dusts or gaseous fuel with certain concentration well m mixed with air. This research attempted micro-scale analysis of ignition of those particles modeling them as liquid droplets. For the beginning, the in-line array of fuel droplets is modeled by two-dimensional, unsteady conservation equations for mass, momentum, energy and species transport in the gas phase and an unsteady energy equation in the liquid phase. They are solved numerically in a generalized non-orthogonal coordinate. The single step chemical reaction with reaction rate controlled by Arrhenius’ law is assumed to a assess chemical reaction numerically. The calculated results show the variation of temperature and the concentration profile with time during evaporation and ignition process. Surrounding oxygen starts to mix with evaporating fuel vapor from the droplet. When the ignition condition is met, the exothermic reactions of the premixed gas initiate a and burn intensely. The maximum temperature position gradually approaches the droplet surface and maximum temperature increases rapidly following the ignition. The fuel and oxygen concentration distributions have minimum points near the peak temperature position. Therefore the moment of ignition seems to have a premixed-flame aspect. After this very short transient period minimum points are observed in the oxygen and fuel d distributions and the diffusion flame is established. The distance between droplets is an important parameter. Starting from far-away apart, when the distance between droplets decreases, the ignition-delay time decreases meaning faster ignition. When they are close and after the ignition, the maximum temperature moves away from the center line of the in-line array. It means that the oxygen at the center line is consumed rapidly and further supply is blocked by the flame. The study helped the understanding of the ignition of d droplet array and opened the possibility of further research.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.45-52
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• 1992

The Mathematical Model, which can describe the maneuvering motion of a ship in low speed, is highly required these days because it is directly related to the safety of ship in confused harbour. Kose has presented a new model for the low speed maneuvering motion, but the usefulness of it is not confirmed widely. Lets of difficulties are revealed in the case of low speed maneuver, The first is the fact that a ship moves the stirred water region for the longer time than in the case of high speed. So, the hydrodynamic forces, exerted on the hull need to be treated strictly, not by the ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients. Another difficulty is arised from the fact the lateral motion is relatively large comparing to the longitudinal motion in low speed. And, by the result the effect of cross-flow drag or vortex sheding effects are dominant. Besides, the captive model tests of low speed motion has lots of problems. For example, the hydrodynamic forces do not converge to a certain values for the long time. And the absolute values of measured forces are very small, so we must expend lots of efforts to raise up the S/N ratio of the experiments. In this paper, a new mathematical model for the maneuvering motion in low speed, is built up, and the usefulness is discussed, comparing with other models, for example, Kose's model or M.M.G. model or Cross-Flow model, The CMT data for a PCC model of 3.00 M length, released from the RR-742 of Japan, are used for the validation of each models.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.8 no.4 s.30
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• pp.125-133
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• 2006

In this study, the Korean Industrial Standard(KS) penetration grade system was examined to evaluate its statistical validity. It was found from this limited study that the system has no gap between each grade, the binder falling out of limit trespasses into other binder grade. Therefore, many products can have similar property level with an adjacent grade even though the mean value is within the specification limit. It was also found out that the equal range setup of each grade, such as 20 for 40-60, 60-80, 80-100, has no statistical foundation. Since KS penetration grade is defined without gap between each grade, the producer must maintain the coefficient of variation below the level by the ASTM system to satisfy the normal quality control limit of products. Due to its lack of a gap between grades, higher percentage of products will be duplicated even if the mean is at the median of the specification limits due to material's quality uncertainty. Especially if the mean moves toward the upper limit, a half or more of the binder grade will be overlapped with the upper binder grade. Therefore, KS penetration specification should be immediately modified by statistically valid methodologies.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of target position on the bowling motion. Four female high school athletes with more than four years of bowling experiences were recruited to this study. The major results of this study are as follows; When a subject treats the 1st pin, The spin angle of a coxa for the target position is largely kept from the downswing to the backswing peak point. When a subject treats the 7th pin, As the 7th pin exists at the left side for the right shoulder axis of the thrower, the movement of the ball center of the thrower from side to side is the lowest. In addition, the time required and horizontal speed appear the highest in the release section. The slant angle of a shoulder is largely increased as she moves from the backswing peak point to the release section. The twist angle of a shoulder also appears small as a throw motion is made toward the left side. When a subject treats the 10th pin, The spin angle of a shoulder and the twist angle of a body in motion appear the largest in the release section. So, there are the effects of target position on the bowling motion.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2009

This study aims to analyze the association between the center of mass(C.O.G) and ocular movement(E.O.G) according to the success and failure in the left turn motion on the balance beam, targeting three female gymnasts. When successful, the left-right C.O.G was moved to the left, which was a rotational direction until such time as the body rotated $180^{\circ}$, whereas there appeared to be a greater movement during failure; thus, it was shown to affect the maintenance of dynamic postural control. In case of the subsequent left-right turning motion of E.O.G, this matches the previous theory that the eyeball moves against the direction of rotation of the body. However, there was a difference at the time of movement, and a clear difference emerged in the success and failure in this study. Also, in the E.O.G in the up-down direction, a movement during failure showed a pattern of down direction in most cases; thus, it is deemed to affect the failure. Therefore, the kinetic postural control and E.O.G are supposed to affect the success and failure in a landing, which is the most importantly evaluated movement on the balance beam, in mutual association.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.779-791
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to develop a program that computes the position of the instantaneous center of rotation while an object moves in a circular motion. For this study, a mathematical algorithm was developed and implemented on the experimental data. Data for pitching (40m carry) and putting (4m) strokes were obtained from a skilled female golfer. A computer program (Centering 1.0) calculated the experimental data and found the radius of the instantaneous center of rotation. When the data were taken broadly, the program produced an error distance of radius. When the data were divided gradually, the program produced a very close instantaneous center of rotation. On comparing pitching and putting strokes, putting was found to have a greater radius than pitching. The instantaneous centers of rotation of putting were not in the golfer's body rather, they were 3m away from the club head. The Centering 1.0 program can calculate the instantaneous center of rotation with at least three sets of experimental data.