• KSBB Journal
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.440-442
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• 2003

Panaxynol and panaxydol are major polyacetylene compounds in Ginseng and Wild Mountain Ginseng. Their contents in Korean wild mountain ginseng, Chinese mountain ginseng, and cultured ginseng were analysed by GC with FID. The content ratio of panaxynol to panaxydol was clearly different in various ginsengs. They were 1.81, 0.87, and 0.42 for Korean wild mountain ginseng, Chinese wild mountain ginseng, and cultured ginseng, respectively. The ratio difference could be used as a marker to identify various ginseng from different sources.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.456-466
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• 2002

Wild ginseng production is increasing due to forest recovery for last 30 years. Total number of Symmani (traditional mountain ginseng digger) was 558 in 2001. Provincial distribution of Symmani in 2001 was highest in Kangwon $(32\%),$ next in Choongbook $(21\%)$ and least in Jeonnam $(0.7\%)$ and Kyoungnam $(0.9\%).$ Age distribution of Symmani was $33\%\;for\;fourties,\;32\%$ for fifties and $20\%$ for sixties. There were 8 persons in eighties. Symmanies are still keeping traditional ritual for mountain god serving clothes of colored ribbons and foods. Increased production induced open market system from underground dealing of mountain ginseng. Korea Mountain Ginseng Association established mountain ginseng assessment committee with professional Symmanies in 2001. From September to November in 2001, 987 roots were requested for quality assessment to the committee and 476 roots $(48\%)$ were passed and graded and others were rejected. Highest frequency of rejection was foreign origin. Pass rate was highest $(74\%)$ in Choongnam suggesting best place for quality. Number of collected roots in each province was positively correlated (p=0.05) with number of Symmanies. There are 3 quality groups of mountain ginseng, Heaven (pure natural), Earth (from seeding of wild ginseng) and Man (from seeding or seedling of wild ginseng with slight environmental modification). The relationship between price and age was polynomial in high quality root, Heaven, Earth and seed long head of Man group, and linear in low quality group, seedling long head of Man. The best one in 2001 was 26 g, 124 years old and sold with 109 million won. Quality criteria are age, shape, weight, color and healthy outlook. Fine roots are criteria for health status of roots and taproot is criteria for efficacy and called as medicine barrel. The implication is that ginsenosides have rarely been experienced for efficacy. The quality criteria of cultivated ginseng were originated from those of mountain ginseng. It is unique for mountain ginseng that only fresh one can be on market. Since quality criteria of mountain ginseng must be based on the efficacy experience it is well expected that present criteria might almost be established at the age of Shinnong Materia Medica.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.120-124
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• 2000

한국산 재배인삼과 장뇌산삼 그리고 중국산 장뇌산삼에 포함되어 있는 총 페놀성 성분 함량에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 그러나 개별적인 페놀성 성분들의 함량에서는 몇 가지 특정적인 경향을 나타내었다. Cinnamic acid와 p-hydroxybenzoic acid는 재배인삼보다 장뇌산삼에서 각각 3~4배, 2~3배 더 높은 함량을 나타내었다. Esculetin은 한국산 재배인삼과 장뇌산삼에서 중국산 장뇌산삼보다 더 높은 함량 수준을 나타내었는데, KM-1의 경우 $47.2\mu\textrm{g}/g$으로 가장 높았다. Ferulic acid와 caffeic acid의 경우 KM-2에서 가장 높은 수준을 나타내었는데, 인삼의 적변현상에 관련된 성분으로 사료된다. Ester 상태의 총 페놀성 성분 함량은 장뇌산삼에서 재배인삼보다 3~4배 더 높았다. Panax ginseng에 포함되어 있는 페놀성 성분들은 완전한 성장연령이 지난 후에는 총 함량에 있어서 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았지만, 개별적인 페놀성 성분 함량과 존재 형태에 있어서는 서식지별 또는 재배방법 등에 따라 구분되는 함량차이를 나타내었다.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2001년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.151-162
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• 2001

산삼은 고유의 생약으로 민간 또는 한방에서 효능을 인정받아 왔으나 산삼의 희귀성으로 인하여 산삼에 대한 연구가 활발하지 못하였다. 따라서 본 실험은 식물 조직 배양 기술을 이용하여 산삼 부정근을 대량으로 배양하고 추출하여 화장품 원료로서의 적용 가능성을 연구하였다.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 2003년도 IFSCC Conference Proceeding Book I
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• pp.611-616
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• 2003

Korean ginseng(Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer) known as a oriental miracle drug is an important medicinal plant. Ginseng has been used for geriatric, tonic, stomachic, and aphrodisiac treatments for thousands years. Also, it is an antibiotic and has therapeutic properties against stress and cancer. Ginseng is widely distributed all over the world. Among them, Korean mountain ginseng has the most valuable effect on pharmaceuticals. The roots of mountain ginseng contained several kinds of ginsenosides that have many active functions for the human body. However, the study of mountain ginseng has a limit because the mountain ginseng is very expensive and rare. So, we artificially cultured mountain ginseng adventitious roots using the bioreactor culture system. We induced callus from original mountain ginseng, directly dug up in mountain and aged about one hundred ten years. Separated adventitious roots were precultured in 500ml conical flasks and then, transferred in 20L bioreactors. The adventitious roots of mountain ginseng were harvested after culturing for 40days, dried and then, extracted with several solvents. In this study, we investigated the whitening effect, anti-wrinkle effect and the safety of tissue cultured adventitious roots extract of mountain ginseng in order to identify the merit as a cosmetic ingredient. Particularly, extract of mountain ginseng adventitious roots showed whitening and anti-wrinkle effects. The inhibitory effect of this extract on the melanogenesis was examined using B-16 melanoma cell. When B-16 melanoma cells were cultured with adventitious root extract, there was a dramatically decrease in melanin contents of 8-16 melanoma cell. And we identified this extract inhibited Dopa auto-oxidation significantly. Also, when transformed mouse fibroblast L929 cells were treated with this extract, there was a significant increase in collagen synthesis. The results show significant inhibited melanization and wrinkle without inhibiting cell viability.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2010

Expensive herbs such as ginseng are always a possible target for fraudulent labeling. New mountain ginseng strains have occasionally been found deep within mountain areas and commercially traded at exorbitant prices. However, until now, no scientific basis has existed to distinguish such ginseng from commonly cultivated ginseng species other than by virtue of being found within deep mountain areas. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the internal transcribed spacer has been shown to be an appropriate method for the identification of the most popular species (Panax ginseng) in the Panax ginseng genus. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been identified between three newly found mountain ginseng (KGD4, KGD5, and KW1) and already established Panax species. Specific PCR primers were designed from this SNP site within the sequence data and used to detect the mountain ginseng strains via multiplex PCR. The established multiplex-PCR method for the simultaneous detection of newly found mountain ginseng strains, Korean ginseng, and foreign ginseng in a single reaction was determined to be effective. This study is the first report of scientific discrimination of "mountain ginsengs" and describes an effective method of identification for fraud prevention and for uncovering the possible presence of other, cheaper ginseng species on the market.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.733-740
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• 2011

For the current study, 2,000 questionnaire sheets were printed and distributed while at the same time postal questionnaires were also conducted. The questionnaire survey was conducted July 25 through September 25, 2008, whereby 206 copies of desirable responses were secured. Analysis of the survey made it possible to grasp the overall current status and prospects of the mountain-grown ginseng business, and the level of technology required for cultivating mountaingrown ginsengs. It was learned that, with no legal and institutional arrangements now in force, no precise facts and figures concerning the total area cultivated and the quantity produced are currently available, and that the products are being marketed under the table. Under such circumstances, it is high time for the mountain-grown ginseng cultivation business to contribute to the promotion of incomes of the farming households and the generation of national wealth by developing the business into a systematic industry. This study conducted a survey on the current status of mountain-grown ginseng producers and of their production, thereby contributing to the introduction of policies for mountain-grown ginsengs.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권2호
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• pp.170-177
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• 2009

There are remarkable differences in growth and morphological characters of roots between mountain and field cultivated Panax ginseng. Growth of root in mountain cultivated ginseng was much slower than that of field cultivated ginseng. However, the factor affecting the retarded growth in mountain ginseng was not known. Soil analysis revealed that phosphorus (P) content of mountain soil was exceptionally low at least ten-fold lower compared to that of field soil. Thus, we suggest that low availability of P in mountain soil may be one of the limiting factors for growth of ginseng in mountain soil environment. We had monitored the growth of ginseng plants after one and three years of phosphate fertilizer application. Three kinds of phosphate fertilizers: fused magnesium phosphate, fused superphosphate, and single superphosphate were applied to mountain soil. Application of phosphate fertilizers increased the fresh-, dry weight, and diameter of ginseng roots and resulted in increased P accumulation in roots. These results demonstrate that slow growth of ginseng in mountain soil environment might be attributed to the low P content in mountain soil. Thus, analysis of P amount in mountain soil will be a good indicator for the selection of suitable site the ginseng cultivation in forest.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.33-49
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• 2010

Objectives: The aim of this experiment is to provide an objective differentiation of cultivated ginseng, mountain ginseng through component analysis, and to know the change of gin senoside components in the process of heating and fermentation Methods: Comparative analyses of ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, $Rg_3$, $Rh_1$, and $Rh_2$, from the cultivated ginseng 4 and 6 years, and mountain cultivated ginseng were conducted using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography, hereafter HPLC). And the same analyses were conducted in the process of heating and fermentation using mixed Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium lactis for 7 days. Results: The change of ginsenosides to the process of red ginseng and fermentation, cultivated ginseng and mountain cultivated ginseng were showed another results. Mountain ginseng showed a lot of change compared with cultivated ginsengs. In the 7 days of fermentation, mountain ginseng showed that ginsenoside $Rg_1$, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, and Rd were decreased and increased ginsenoside Re, Rf, $Rg_3$ and $Rh_1$ were increased compared with cultivated ginseng Conclusions: It seemed that ginsenosides of mountain cultivated ginseng was better resolved than cultivated ginseng because the difference of structure or distribution of ginsenosides in the condition of fermentation.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.323-328
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• 2000

한국산 장뇌삼과 재배인삼, 그리고 중국산 장뇌삼으로부터 유 리 아미노산을 추출하여 HPLC를 이용하여 14가지의 유리 아미 노산을 분석하였다. 전체적인 총 유리 아미노산의 크기를 비교 해 보면, P>M>KM4>CMl>KM7>Y>S>K>KM5>J>U>CM2>H> K KM2>KM1>KM6 순이었다 한국산 재배인삼 P의 아미노산 총 함량은 12.46 mg/g으로 가장 높았고, KM6가 6.86 mg/g으로 가 장 낮았다. 유리 아미노산 중에서 Arg은 Y에서 8.77 mg/g 함량 을 보였다. 총 유리 아미노산 중 Arg의 함량 비율은 KM2에서 7 77.78%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 산지를 고려하지 않고 보면, 장뇌삼이 재배인삼과 구별되는 특정은 없었다. 한국산 장뇌삼은 H His, Met에서 한국산 재배인삼은 Thr이 특이적으로 다른 시료들 에 비해 다량 함유되어 았었고, 중국산 장뇌삼은 Lys만이 높은 함량 수치를 보였다. 특히 Gly은 한국산 시료에서 중국산 시료 에 비해 특이적으로 많이 함유하고 있었고, Lys은 중국산 장뇌 삼에 다른 한국산 시료에 비해 대체적으로 많이 함유되어 았었다