• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 2016

Due to the rapid economic development of Korea, the bridge have been built by government over the several years. Additionally, there are too many mountain and river and the bridge have been built in rural area. But bridge designers weren't considering the bridge landscape. And bridge was a negative factor in regional landscape. Because of this, this study surveyed the landscape preferences of rural bridge landscapes according to different bridge types. The results were summarized as follows: And this research include conducting a study on visual preference according to the bridge's type and background. And, the landscape of arch bridge in the river 1 is landscape of the highest preference. The the landscape of girder bridge in the river 2 is landscape of the lowest preference. In the river 1 and 2 landscape, high preference is observed in the arch bridge and low preference is noted in the girder bridge. In the mountain 1 and 2 landscape, high preference is observed in the cable-stayed bridge and low preference is noted in the girder bridge. In conclusion, the visual preference of bridge landscape depend on the background and bridge shape, the study said. Therefore, when bridge designer design the bridge, designer have to choose proper bridge shape according to the background. This research was conducted only in bridge landscape of rural area but the visual preference of bridge landscape can be changed according to the various background. And further research is needed to analyze visual preference of bridge landscape according to the various background.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.75-84
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• 2008

The purpose of this research is to find the visual characteristics and geographic structure in a landscape of mountains in Yangsan City. In order to carry out this study, 40 view points of 6 mountains in Yangsan City were selected to experience the mountainscape. The results are as follows. The mountainscape of Yangsan City was confirmed from the view point to the object of view as ranging in middle distance reverse, the angle of elevation 11${\sim}13^{\circ}$ which give the impression of confronted to the mountain, and the horizontal angle 50${\sim}90^{\circ}$ which gives the impression of vastness. This shows that mountainscapes are perceived impressively when seeing the mountain with the meaning to feel the texture of the mountain as a confrontational relationship rather than a pictorial relationship. The geographic structure of the view point which occurs in scenes of impressive experience is classified into eight types and its characteristics are investigated. The first type is corridor, and it emerges in a long narrow linear structure made from the surrounding environment with buildings or street trees. The second is tunnel in which a vision and light hidden while passing underneath a bridge, high-level road, or inside a tunnel can be seen. Third, the maze is formed by the mountain shape. The hill spur emerges when the direction of traffic changes after turning the coner of a building or mountain edge. The hill ground emerges at the top of a hill slope. Next, parallel emerges when the observer and the mountain are in the same direction of process. Confrontation occurs when confronting an isolated mountain. Finally, the view point emerges when passing through major points such as a bridge or square and the boundary of a village or city. This research arranged visual conditions that create impressive mountainscapes. Geographic characteristics in terms of Types that make possible to experience mountainscapes were described. The results of this research will be basic data collected for the management and preservation of mountainscapes and for landscape effect evaluation. Furthermore, this research suggests theoretical evidence to preserve and manage geographic structures that create view experiences as well as to preserve the landscape in terms of view points.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.2 s.107
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• pp.172-186
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• 2005

I examine in this paper how the contemporary sacredness of Mt. Chirisan has been modified through the reworking of the embodied experiences of the mountain. 1 examine the theme of escapism through the cases of mountain men and Chonghakdong. The two mountain men, Huh Man-Soo and Ham Tae-Sik, tacitly suggested a modem aesthetic and environmentalist view of nature by articulating a typical form of appreciating nature in a transition period from pre-modern to modern society. Mountain men mediated their own personal dreams of revitalizing the Taoist utopian place with their social practices of modernizing and democratizing the appreciation of nature. Ultimately, the appearances and practices of mountain men symbolize the end of the pre-modern geographical imagination of the mountain as distinctive plate outside society (real world). Therefore, the vision of modem civic-national landscape, national park, was made concrete at the very site where the people's dreams of utopia, the inherited sacredness of the mountain and people's religious beliefs in its protective power were terminated.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2003

Yangdong village is located at Kangdong-myun, Kyungju, Kyungsangbuk-do, Korea. There are two major families, the Sons of Wallsung beginned from Son, So(1433∼1484) and the Lees of Yeohkang the descendant of Lee, Unjeok. They are lived together under check and help for 500 years. The village located on the hill of Ankang plain. There are Homyung mountain and Sonaiu peak in front of it and Solchang mountain on the back. 47 shaped ridges form Blue dragon to the east, and White tiger to the west. Ahnrockchon flows from north Joined Hyungsan river and flows into Youngilman. Therefore the village is located at mountain on it's back and along with stream. Buildings are deployed on the valley between hills, it is not easily detected, but it give it's atmosphere of mountain village. Village location and space composition combined with natural environment, folk belief, feng-shui, and social system of confucianism. Blended buildings affected between ruling and ruled classes or among different families shown environmental design accomplishing united cultural space. The prospect of Yangdong village, a mountain village, expressed two sides of visible scenery of open inside and invisible from outside. Observation point such as head family house, pavilion, and village school are deployed at the point taking bird's-eye view, which striving mental stability.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.1 s.120
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• pp.69-78
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to determine the basis for the names of mountain passes that have been different since antiquity, especially names such as those written in Chinese characters. For this purpose, this researcher focused on 108 mountain passes listed in the section of Gyeongsangdo that is a part of Joseon's representative human geographic literature, 'Sinjong Dongguk Yeoji Seungram'. Then the author found out their location by reviewing 'Joseon Hugi Jibang Jido', 'Daedong Yeojido' and 'Hanguk Jimyeong Chongram'. Out of the 180 passes, 30 were finally selected to be analyzed. Again 15 among 30 were found named as 'Hyeon', 7 as 'Ryeong' and remainder were called either term on occasion. The study tried to find out standards according to whether the 30 passes were named as 'Hyeon' or 'Ryeong'. To carry out the study, the author made 3 hypotheses. First, the passes' altitudes were examined. Then visual characteristics were investigated when seen from the summit of the passes. Finally, the number of the passes' turns was investigated to know whether this discriminates between 'Hyeon' and 'Ryeong'. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. With the altitudes and the visual characteristics as mentioned above, it was not possible to determine features that clearly discriminate 'Hyeon' from 'Ryeong'. However, the number of the turns was significantly different in accordance with the names of the passes, 'Hyeon', 'Ryeong' and 'Hyeon or Ryeong'. It seems that 'Hyeon' and 'Ryeong' were discriminatively used depending on how mountain passes were apparently perceived with the number of their turns.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.51-58
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• 2006

The purpose of this research presents a method to position and makes the structure for eco-corridors reasonably with collectable analysing results of various effects shown in mammals' road-kill at 429 points. Target animals of this research are Leopard cat, Siberian weasel, Raccoon dog, Korean hare, Eurasian red squirrel, Siberian chipmunk and Water deer. The results derived from the empirical analysis on the contents above are followed. First, according to the results as for Leopard cat road kill analysis, which is designated as Endangered Species Class II, the eco-corridor might be located at near village having stead food in order to decrease the frequencies of road-kill, because its road kill points were mainly collected at 4 lane hilly road with mountain-road-farm area geological type of. Second, because Siberian weasel's road kill was detected at 2 lane hilly road with mountain-road-stream geological type, the eco-corridor might be located at near a mill to decrease road-kill frequencies. Third, the road-kill frequency of Eurasian red squirrel can be reduced when the eco-corridor is located at the area across coniferous tree near 4 lane west sea freeway with mountain-road-mountain. Fourth, the road-kill of Raccoon dog can be reduced when the eco-corridor is located at 4 lane mountain road or hilly road with the geological type having farm land-road-mountain(stream). Fifth, Korean hare's road-kill can be reduced when the eco-corridor is located at grass land across ridge line of mountain, because wild rabbit road kill was happened at 4 lane mountain road or 2 lane mountain road(mountain-road-mountain). Sixth, As for Siberian chipmunk, the eco-corridor might be located at the side slope of mountain road at 2 lane mountain road under the speed of 60km/h with mountain-road-mountain. Seventh, For Water deer, the eco-corridor might be located at 4 lane hilly road with mountain-road-farm land. As for Common otter, Amur hedgehog, Yellow-throated marten, Weasel, it is difficult to specify the proper site of eco-corridor due to the lack of data. Eco-corridors for carnivores might be well located at 4 lane hilly road or 2 lane hilly road with mountain-road-farm land, and the track for herbivores might be well located as a overhead bridge on mountain-road-mountain type across mountains. In order to position eco-corridors for wildlife properly, we have to research animal's behavior with ecological background, and to consider the local uniqueness and regularly collect the empirical road-kill data in long term 3 to 5 year, which can be the foundation for the more suitable place of wild life eco-corridors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.139-153
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• 2014

This study contemplates the utopian landscape recognized by the scholars with twenty three pieces of 'travel record'. Consequently, five key words - Mureungdowon(武陵桃源), Byeolcheonji(別天地), Dongcheon(洞天), Chonghakdong, Eungeoji(hermitage) - are chosen for comprehending the utopia and their landscape characteristics are organised as follows. Mureungdowon in Jirisan Mountain which the scholars dreamed of is a flatland with the full energy for local vegetation and domestic animals in the mysterious and deep gorge. This utopia eventually reflects the rural landscape. Byeolcheonji is a utopia combining the concept of a fairyland and beautiful scenery. The scholars also used the term 'Dongcheon' for naming the enclosed landform which is suitable for seclusion and defining the some areas of beautiful scenery. Cheonghakdong, which is set only in Jirisan Mountain, has been formed by the stone scenery of gorges and Buril waterfalls around the whole area of Burilam Hermitage, the vegetation scenery of pine trees and bamboos with the legend of Choi Chiwon and his engraved inscription on a rock. Adding to the utopia passed down, the scholars perceived the village with geographical features with back to the mountain and facing the water, the river practising the trade, the flatland enclosed by bamboo forests, the vegetation mainly consisting of fruit trees and beautiful scenery as the utopia realized on earth. It is equivalent to the world of human beings laboring appropriately and living in Mother Nature. As mentioned above, this study has significance for apprehending the relevance between the culture of strolling in the mountains by the scholars of Joseon Dynasty and the fairyland and explaining the various traditional utopias from the inherited concepts from China to the naturalized realistic utopia.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.10-19
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• 2022

In this study, historical and cultural landscapes were reviewed focusing on Mangjinsan Mountain in Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, and the scenic value was examined through this. First, Mangjinsan Mountain was noted in history, as Ansan(案山, a mountain on the opposite side of a housing/grave site) in Jinju, where Bongsu(烽燧, the beacon fire station) is located. Information on Mangjinsan Mountain was gradually doubled due to its status, and the beacon fire station of Mangjinsan Mountain was in charge of defending the Jinju area. Mangjinsan Mountain was described as a symbolic landscape of Jinju. Regarding the etymology of Mangjinsan Mountain, Sung Yeo-Sin(成汝信) analyzed the geography of Jinju and suggested that it was a place name originating from the phoenix. However, looking at various records, it is confirmed that the name of Mangjinsan Mountain is maintained uniformly, but the inscription is not unified. Second, Mangjinsan Mountain became one of the major stage for the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, and in 1597. It is confirmed to be a place which has joys and sorrows, for that it provided an opportunity to win the Siege of Jinju in 1592, but many casualties occurred in 1597. On the other hand, in the area of Mangjinsan Mountain Byeolseo(別墅), temples, and administrative facilities were located to establish cultural history of the time, and in the 19th century, Manggyeongdae Pavilion was built due to the scenic value of viewing Jinju Castle. These are examples of testimony how Mangjinsan Mountain has an important meaning in Jinju's history and culture. Third, in the late Joseon Dynasty, a poem reciting Mangjinsan Mountain appears, which shows that the Mountain has established itself as a scenic site in Jinju. The description of Mangjinsan Mountain is confirmed in the literature that lists the scenic sites of Jinju. On the other hand, writers who lived in Jinju paid attention to the beacon fire station, singing about the peaceful world without war and looking back the history. In the 19th century, Jeonbyeolyeon(a farewell party) was held, which seems to be the result of the beauty of viewing Jinju and overviewing the area. Through the facts, the symbolism and scenic value of Mangjinsan Mountain in Jinju were confirmed.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2011

Objective of this research was to investigate the volatile aroma compounds and phenol contents for preservative effects. Aerial part of 5 Korean natured species of thyme located in Jeju alpine, jeju middle mountain, Kyeonggido, Ulleung island, and Gangwondo was analyzed by thermal desorption gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (TD-GC-MSD) method. Jeju middle mountain thyme was relatively high 62 species and has been investigated a high concentration of $7365.22{\mu}g/m^3$ contents according to the quantitative analysis. Total phenol contents containing thymol and carvacrol of Jeju middle mountain thyme were relatively high and showed 35.92%.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.451-455
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• 2005

Surveys for visitor's awareness and on-the-spot investigations at Odae Mountain National Park were conducted for activation of nature interpretation. As a result, many problems on observation trails as the object of the nature interpretation were identified. The nature interpretation is not functioning fully for the side of environmental education. The situation and problems of nature interpretation were analyzed in depth based on the survey of the visitors. In order to improve roles of the nature observation trails and solve the present problems immediately, suggestions are as the followings. I) Road resurfacing and space development needed to solve the problems of existing nature observation trail. 2) Public relations for nature observation trail and production of signboards promoting visitor's interest. 3) Development of nature observation trail used only for nature interpretation 4) Development of adequate Korean interpretation program based on systematic nature interpretation models from other developed countries