• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.3-24
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• 2015

Crimes must be reduced not only because of the financial, physical, and emotional damages they bring to the victims but also because crimes increase social costs by elevating distrust in society and instilling fear. With the increasing number of crimes in Korea, finding other factors that affect the occurrence of crimes is needed beyond the current viewpoint for crime analysis. Social support factors can be candidates for studies on the social support effect on crime occurrence in their initial stage. In this study, we identified the effect of social support factors on crime occurrence or deterrence, none of which has been considered important until now, given the emergence of spatial econometrics. The resulting Moran's I values revealed the existence of a spatial autocorrelation in all three crimes: heinous crimes, theft, and violence. As shown in the analysis using spatial econometrics and ordinary least squares, social support from families is significant in reducing all crimes especially violence. Social support from the local government is significant in preventing only theft. The spatial econometrics model is only valid in heinous crimes. These different effects of social support factors and spatial factors on crime occurrences are caused by the different characteristics of crimes. Hence, policymakers should consider the social support effect when they establish policies related to social housing or welfare.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.318-340
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• 2006

In the last decade, there has been a widespread interest in knowledge production activities as a new engine of endogeneous growth. In the knowledge-based economy, there has been a growing importance of the patent as the index of knowledge production. Much literature suggests that knowledge production activities tend to be spatially concentrated and formed the clusters in the advanced economies. The purpose of this paper is to analyze spatial-temporal patterns of knowledge production activities in Korea based on a data set of patents from 1981-2000. This paper uses spatial statistical methods and GIS to explore the spatial dimensions of knowledge production activities in Korea. Through this research, it was found that knowledge production activities were unevenly distributed. The knowledge production activity measured by patent counts is highly concentrated in a limited number of cities. The top 10 cities accounted for 68.5% of the total number of patents in the period of 1981-2000, suggesting the existence of a strong concentration of knowledge production activities in Korea. The locations of knowledge production activities by themselves represented a strong spatial autocorrelation. The concentration of knowledge production activities in Korea is spatially correlated to the concentration of adjacent neighboring cities. The location of knowledge production activities is not free from a spatial context and spillover of knowledge production activities are heavily bounded within geographic limits, forming a spatial cluster. There appear some quite a large spatial cluster around the seoul metropolitan area.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.961-987
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• 2012

The present study is to investigate the characteristics and determinants of spatial distribution of strong small farm by defining the term, strong small farm (SSF) extracting the SSF households data dealing with apples, from 2010 Census of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Korea. Spatial distribution and concentration of SSF are analyzed based on spatial clustering techniques. We construct discrete dependent variables on strong and non-strong small farms and then analyze the determinants of the SSFs using probit model, with independent variables including population and economic characteristics and management characteristics. As of 2010, the apple SSFs, 1,529 households in total, are geographically concentrated in Gyeonsangbuk-do according to the analysis results. The determinants of SSF are similar to those of farms' earnings. When located in the apple producing area, and participating in producers organization while selling products directly, the farm is highly likely an SSF. The findings and results of the present study are expected to provide fundamental information helpful for preparing and implementing policies for SSFs in that the present study investigates the characteristics of SSF, which is a prerequisite step for SSF-related policies.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.1 s.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 1966

Dichloroisoproterenol(DCI) i; one of the well known ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor blocking agents. According to Moran and Perkins, DCI has sympathomimetic like action in relatively low concentrations. Fleming and Hawkins confirmed that DCI acts upon the receptors concerned with positive chronotropic and inotropic actions in the heart. Vogins reported that DCI, in concentration of $5{\times}10^{-8}$ to $5{\times}10^{-6}g/ml$, had properties of sympathomimetic amine causing positive inotropic and chronotropic actions in normal rat atria. And James and Nadeau found that DCI had not only adrenergic blocking effect in moderate and higher concentrations, but it also blocked the effect on the sinus node by vagal stimulation and of directly administered acetylcholine in higher concentrations. As stated above by many authors, DCI has complicated actions according to its concentrations. Our aim at the present experiments was to study the effects of DCI to the action of ouabain and acetylcholine upon the excised rabbit atria, as well as to the action of barium chloride and acetylcholine upon the excised rabbit intestine. In addition, Pan ax Ginseng is widely used as tonics in oriental nations, its pharmacological action, however, has not been clearly established. So we atempted to investigate the effects of the water extract of Panax Ginseng to the action of ouabain and DCI upon both atria and intestine. The results obtained were as follows. 1) DCI has a negative inotropic effect on the excised rabbit atria at concentration of $10^{-5}$ and a positive inotropic effect at concentration of $10^{-6}$. 2) DCI (at concentration of $10^{-6}$) potentiates the positive inotropic effect of ouabain upon the excised rabbit atria. 3) DCI antagonizes the action of acetylcholine upon the excised rabbit atria. 4) The water extract of Panax Ginseng, at concentration of $10^{-3}$, decreases the contractile force of rabbit atria, and tends to slightly increase that of rabbit atria at $10^{-4}$. 5) The water extract of Panax Ginseng exhibits a synergistic action with ouabain on the contractile force of rabbit atria. 6) DCI, in concentrations of $10^{-7}{\sim}10^{-6}$, depresses the tone and amplitude of contraction of the excised rabbit intestine. The depression of the intestinal tone markedly appears in pretreatment with reserpine 2mg/kg 24 hours. 7) DCI antagonizes the contractile effect of barium chloride on the excised rabbit atria. 8) DCI has no significant influence on the action of acetylcholine upon the excised rabbit intestine. 9) The series of those evidences indicates that DCI has a sympathomimetic-like action and more over a relaxing action directly on the excised rabbit intestine. 10) The water extract of Panax Ginseng in concentrations of $10^{-4}{\sim}10^{-3}$, has transient depression of the intestinal tone, but later gradually recovers its normal motility: 11) The water extract of Panax Ginseng has a synergistic action with ouabain on the intestinal contractility.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.1
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• pp.113-121
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• 2013

It has been known that edges of forest fire areas play significant roles in post-fire change of forest ecosystem and recovery process. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between edge formation of burned forests and landscape characteristics with consideration on spatial autocorrelation. Samcheok fire site burned in 2000 was selected as the study area. Seven hundred fifty three of 500 $m^2$ grid cells were generated for measuring landscape characteristics. This study used the topographic variables including slop, elevation, topographic wetness index, solar radiation index and proportions of fuel and land use types. In delineating landscape characteristics correlation analysis with modified t-test were performed for exploring the relationships between edge formation and landscape characteristics. The results indicated that edge formation of burned forests was positively correlated with most variables including TWI, SRI, water, paddy, developed, farm, grass, bare soil, and negatively related with elevation, slope and all fuel types. Especially TWI (r=0.437) showed a strong positive correlation with edge formation. According to the results, edge of burned forests were likely formed when proportions of heterogeneous land use types were high with mild slope and low elevation.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.718-742
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• 2014

The capitalist economic process of glocalization and development of transportation and communication technology have led us to the significance of network city as well as concepts of global city, megacity region, etc. Network city theory pursues development of both individual cities and of the region of those cities through strengthening of mutual connectivity among them with specialized industries. On the basis of network city theory, this paper is to analyze specialized industries of cities and connectivity among them in the Youngnam region in S. Korea. It uses the methods of locational quotient, locational Gini coefficient, and shift-share method to analyze specialized industries of cities, and correspondence analysis, global and local Moran's I to examine connectivity among cities. As results, it can be identified that each city in the Youngnam region has its own specialized industries different from each others, but it seems not easy to grasp the overall extent of connectivity among them, partly because of the limitations of applied analysis methods and partly because of a lack of connectivity among cities themselves.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.94-104
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• 2019

In this study, we investigated the spatial variation in land use and topographic effects on water quality at the Geum river watershed in South Korea, using the ordinary least squares(OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models. Understanding the complex interactions between land use, slope, elevation, and water quality is essential for water pollution control and watershed management. We monitored four water quality indicators -total phosphorus, total nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen levels - across three land use types (urban, agricultural, and forested) and two topographic features (elevation and mean slope). Results from GWR modeling revealed that land use and topography did not affect water quality consistently through space, but instead exhibited substantial spatial non-stationarity. The GWR model performed better than the OLS model as it produced a higher adjusted $R^2$ value. Spatial variation in interactions among variables could be visualized by mapping $R^2$ values from the GWR model at fine spatial resolution. Using the GWR model, we were able to identify local pollution sources, determine habitat status, and recommend appropriate land-use planning policies for watershed management.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.77-100
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• 2022

In the era of low growth, many provincial cities are experiencing population decline and aging. Population decline phenomena such as reduction of productive manpower, reduction of finances, deterioration of quality of life, and collapse of the community base are occurring in a chain and are being pushed to the brink of extinction of the cities. This study aims to propose a methodology to objectively estimate the employment creation centers and setting the basic unit of industrial-centered zoning by applying spatial statistical techniques and GIS for the application of the compact city plan as an efficient spatial management policy in a city with a declining population. In details, based on reviewing previous studies on compact city, 'employment complex index(ECI)' were defined considering the number of workers, the number of settlers, and the area of development land, the employment creation center was estimated by applying the 'Local Moran's I' and 'Getis-Ord's Hot-Spot Analysis'. As a case study, changes in the four years of 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019 were compared and analyzed for Changwon City. As a result, it was confirmed that the employment creation center is becoming compacted and polycentric, which is a significant result that reflects the actual situation well. This results provide the basic data for functional and institutional territorial governance for the regional revitalization platform, and provide meaningful information necessary for spatial policy decision-making, such as population reduction, regional gross domestic product, and public facility arrangement that can respond to energy savings, transportation plans, and medical and health plans.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.12
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• pp.632-641
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• 2021

Background: Over the past few decades, various goals have been defined to reduce the mortality of children caused by acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) worldwide. However, few spatial studies to date have reported on ALRI deaths. Purpose: We aimed to assess the spatial modeling of mortality from ALRI in children under 5 years of age during 2000-2017 using a global data. Methods: The data on the mortality of children under 5 years old caused by ALRI were initially obtained from the official website of the World Health Organization. The income status of their home countries was also gathered from the Country Income Groups (World Bank Classification) website and divided into 5 categories. After that, in the ArcGIS 10.6 environment, a database was created and the statistical tests and related maps were extracted. The Global Moran's I statistic, Getis-Ord Gi statistic, and geographically weighted regression were used for the analyses. In this study, higher z scores indicated the hot spots, while lower z scores indicated the cold spots. Results: In 2000-2017, child mortality showed a downward trend from 17.6 per 100,000 children to 8.1 and had a clustered pattern. Hot spots were concentrated in Asia in 2000 but shifted toward African countries by 2017. A cold spot that formed in Europe in 2007 showed an ascending trend by 2017. Based on the results of geographically weighted regression test, the regions identified as the hot spots of mortality from ALRI in children under 5 years old were among the middle-income countries (R²=0.01, adjusted R²=8.77). Conclusion: While the total number of child deaths in 2000-2017 has decreased, the number of hot spots has increased among countries. This study also concluded that, during the study period, Central and Western Africa countries became the main new hot spots of deaths from ALRI.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.63-85
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• 2018

Emerging hotspot and trendy areas are formed into alleys and blocks with the help of viral effects among social network services (SNS) users called "Golmogleo." These users search for every corner of the alleys to share and promote their own favorite places through SNS. An analysis of hot places is limited if it is only based on macroeconomic indicators such as commercial area data published by national organizations, large-scale visiting facilities, and commuter figures. Careful analyses based on consumers' actual activities are needed. This study develops a "social big data analysis methodology" using Instagram data, which is one of the most popular SNSs suitable to identify recent consumer trends. We build a spatial analysis model using Local Moran's I. Results show that our model identifies new trend zones on the basis of posting data in Instagram, which are not included in the commercial information prepared by national organizations. The proposed analysis methodology enables better identification of the latest trend areas formulated by SNS user activities. It also provides practical information for start-ups, small business owners, and alley merchants for marketing purposes. This analytical methodology can be applied to future studies on social big data analysis.