• Computers and Concrete
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.515-529
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• 2013

The moment-curvature relation for simple bending is a well-studied subject and the classical moment-curvature diagram is commonly found in literature. The influence of axial forces has generally been considered as compression onto symmetrically reinforced cross-sections, thus strain at the reference fiber never has been an issue. However, when dealing with integral structures, which are usually statically indeterminate in different degrees, these concepts are not sufficient. Their horizontal elements are often completely restrained, which, under imposed deformations, leads to moderate compressive or tensile axial forces. The authors propose to analyze conventional beam cross-sections with moment-curvature diagrams considering asymmetrically reinforced cross-sections under combined influence of bending and moderate axial force. In addition a new diagram is introduced that expands the common moment-curvature relation onto the strain variation at the reference fiber. A parametric study presented in this article reveals the significant influence of selected cross-section parameters.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.163-176
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 뒴비틀림 효과를 고려한 휨비틀림 이론을 기초로 연속곡선보를 해석한다. 먼저 단순곡선보에 대해 미분방정식으로 단면력과 변위를 구한다. 다음 에너지법을 이용하여 n경간 연속곡선보에 대한 탄성방정식으로 연속곡선보의 임의점에서 단면력과 변위의 해를 구한다. 작용하중으로 수직집중하중과 수직등분포하중을 고려하여 해석하였으므로 실제 하중이 작용하는 연속곡선박스거더의 단면력과 변위를 쉽게 구할 수 있다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2001

A reliable and accurate method has been developed to predict the flexural deformation response of structural concrete members subject to service load. The method that has been developed relates the extent of concrete cracking, measured as a function of the magnitude of applied moment in a member, to the reduction in the effective moment of inertia of cracked reinforced concrete members under service load conditions. The ratio of the area of the moment diagram where the moment exceeds the cracking moment, to the total area of the moment diagram for any loading, provides the basis for the calculation of the effective moment of inertia. This ratio also represents mathematically a probability of crack occurrence. Verification of this method for the determination of the effective moment of inertia has been achieved from an experimental test program, and has included beam tests with different loading configurations, and shear wall tests subjected to a range of vertical and lateral load levels. Further verification of this method has been made with reference to the experimental investigation of other recently published work.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2005년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.324-330
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• 2005

The flexural strength and ductility capacity of reinforced concrete columns are largely dependent on the amount of transverse steel. However, current design code does not specify the confinement effect of transverse steels in strength calculation. A non-linear moment-curvature analysis of RC column sections was conducted in order to develop PM interaction diagram considering transverse reinforcement effects. In this paper, a more reasonable application method of PM interaction diagram considering transverse steel amounts is introduced and proposed, based on moment-curvature non-linear analysis. Also, we proposed simplified method to use. easily in practical design.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2004년도 학술발표회
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• pp.1103-1106
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to induce the design drought rainfall by the methodology of L-moment including testing homogeneity, independence and outlier of the data of annual minimum monthly rainfall in 57 rainfall stations in Korea in terms of consecutive duration for 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months. To select appropriate distribution of the data for annual minimum monthy rainfall by rainfall station, the distribution of generalized extreme value (GEV), generalized logistic (GLO) as well as that of generalized pareto (GPA) are applied and the appropriateness of the applied GEV, GLO, and GPA distribution is judged by L-moment ratio diagram and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test. As for the annual minimum monthly rainfall measured by rainfall station and that stimulated by Monte Carlo techniques, the parameters of the appropriately selected GEV and GPA distributions are calculated by the methodology of L-moment and the design drought rainfall is induced. Through the comparative analysis of design drought rainfall induced by GEV and GPA distribution by rainfall station, the optimal design drought rainfall by rainfall station is provided.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.327-332
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• 2012

International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) recommended verifying a ship's ability to move transversely at zero forward speed without altering heading by a crabbing test. In sea trial, all available propellers/rudders/thrusters should be used to find the maximum possible transverse speed. For estimating crabbing ability in the design stage, tests to estimate possible swaying force and yawing moment range using all available propellers/rudders/thrusters are conducted. By butterfly diagram, which compares possible swaying force and yawing moment range with external swaying force and yawing moment by wind, a ship's crabbing ability can be estimated. In this study, model tests of a cruise vessel equipped with bow thrusters and POD system were conducted to find out her crabbing ability in the design stage. To mimic quay condition, a model quay-wall was set in the towing tank.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2002

Fiber-Reinforced Plastics (FRP) have received significant attention for use in civil infrastructure due to their unique properties, such as the high strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness-to-weight ratio, corrosion and fatigue resistance, and tailorability. It is well known that FRP wraps increase the load-carrying capacity and the ductility of reinforced concrete columns. A number of researchers have explored their use for seismic components. The application of concern in the present research is on the use of FRP for corrosion protection of reinforced concrete columns, which is very important in cold-weather and coastal regions. More specifically, this work is intended to give practicing engineers with a more practical procedure for estimating the strength of a deficient column rehabilitated using FRP wrapped columns than those currently available. To achieve this goal, a stress-strain model for FRP wrapped concrete is proposed, which is subsequently used in the development of the moment-curvature relations for FRP wrapped reinforced concrete column sections. A comparison of the proposed stress-strain model to the test results shows good agreement. It has also been found that based on the moment-curvature relations, the balanced moment is no longer a critical moment in the interaction diagram. Besides, the enhancement in the loading capacity in terms of the interaction diagram due to the confinement provided by FRP wraps is also confirmed in this work.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.251-263
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 L-moment ratio diagram 기법과 지형정보시스템(GIS)을 동시에 활용하여 우리나라의 지속기간별 연 최대강우량의 최적확률밀도함수를 판별하는 새로운 기법을 제안하고, 결과 도출과정에 있어 발견된 연최대강우량의 통계값의 흥미로운 지형학적 특성을 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 우리나라 기상청에서 운영하는 67개의 강우관측지점에서 관측된 강우자료의 연최대강우량을 1시간, 3시간, 6시간, 12시간, 24시간 누적시간에 대하여 산출하고, L-moment ratio diagram 기법을 활용하여 이들에 대한 최적확률밀도함수를 구한 후, 이를 관측지점에 해당하는 티센 다각형에 다른 색상으로 표현하여 그 공간적 분포를 살펴보았다. 또한, 각 후보 확률밀도함수의 적합도에 대한 지도를 작성하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다: (1) 강우의 극한값의 특성을 대표할 수 있는 통계값인 L-skewness와 L-kurtosis는 뚜렷한 공간적 경향을 띠고 있다. 특히 산맥을 포함한 우리나라의 지형적 특성에 큰 영향을 받았다. 이는 발생빈도가 높고 강도가 낮은 평상시의 강우사상뿐 만 아니라, 연최대강우량 또한 지형의 영향을 크게 받는다는 것을 의미한다; (2) 우리나라의 산악지역에서는 연최대강우량의 통계적 특성에 대한 고도의 영향이 비산악지역보다 더 크며, 고도가 높은 지역일수록 발생 빈도가 낮고 강도가 강한 강우사상이 더 자주 발생하며, 강우의 누적기간이 증가할수록 이러한 경향은 작아졌다; (3) 우리나라의 연최대강우량을 가장 잘 대변할 수 있는 확률밀도함수는 Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) 분포와 Generalized Logistic (GLO) 분포이다. 단, 남해안의 중앙지역에 대해서는 Generalized Pareto (GPA) 분포가 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.861-876
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• 2015

Composite sections design consists on checking that the point defined by axial load and bending moment keeps included within the surface enclosed by the section interaction curve. Eurocode 4 suggests a method for tracing this diagram based on the plastic stress distribution method. However curves obtained according to this criterion overvalue concrete encased sections bearing capacity, especially when axial force comes with high bending moment values, so a correction factor is required. This article proposes a method for tracing this diagram based on the strain compatibility method. When stresses on the section are integrated by considering the Navier hypothesis, the use of the materials nonlinear constitutive equations provides curves much more adjusted to reality. This process requires the use of rather complex software which might reveal as too complex for practitioners. Preserving the same criteria of an elastic-plastic stress distribution, this article presents alternative expressions to obtain the failure internal forces in five significant points of the interaction diagram having considered five different positions of the neutral axis. These expressions are simply enough for their practical application. Concordance of curves traced strictly relying on these five points with those obtained by computer assisted stress integration considering the strain compatibility method and even with Eurocode 4 weighted curves will be presented for three different cross-sections and two different concrete strengths, revealing very good results.

• 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2015

Unlike a typical metal spring, a gas spring uses compressed gas contained in a cylinder and compressed by a piston to exert a force. A common application includes automobiles where gas spring are incorporated into the design of open struts that support the weight of tail gate. They are also used in furniture such as office chairs, and in medical and aerospace applications. The gas spring works by the application of pressurized gas (nitrogen) contained in a cylinder. The internal pressure of the gas spring greatly exceeds atmospheric pressure. This differential in pressure exists at any rod position and generates an outward force on the rod, making the gas spring extend. In this paper, we investigated the dynamic characteristics of a gas spring on an automotive tail gate system.