• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2001

공주군 유구면 일대의 화강암질 편마암의 풍화작용에 따른 원소의 거동과 pH와 이차광물과의 관계를 XRF, ICP-AES, ICP-MS를 이용한 원소분석결과를 통하여 검토하였다. 이 지역의 암석은 pH6 내외의 산성환경, 침철석, 아나타제와 같은 다양한 이차광물을 생성하면서 심각한 화학조성의 변화를 초래했다. 주원소의 화학조성을 이용한 풍화지수는 토양층에서 79~88로 모암 중의 사장석이 용해되고 흑운모가 변질되어 캐올리광물의 생성이 활발한 방향으로 풍화작용이 진행되었다. 지표층으로 가면서 Al에 대한 주 원소의 거동은 Si, Ca, Na, K, P가 감소하고 Fe, Ti, Mn이 증가하는 경향을 보이며 pH가 낮은 풍화단면에서 주 원소의 변화량이 더 크다. 이 풍화대에서 Mg은 거의 일정하다. Li, As 모든 전이원소는 pH가 감소함에 따라 증가하며 특히 이들 원소는 Fe의 함량과 비례해서 증가해 침철석과 공침하였거나 표면에 흡착되어 있는 것으로 보인다. Ga은 Fe와 비례하기는 하지만 변화량은 전 풍화단면에서 일정하다. Zr, Mo, Sn, Cd은 pH에 변화에 상관없이 일정한 반면에 Rb, Sr, Ba, Y, Pb, Th, U 등은 감소하는 경향을 보인다. 특히 Rb 과 Sr은 Ca에 비례해서 감소한다. 희토류원소는 전 풍화단면에서 감소하는 경향을 보이는데 $Al_2$$O_3$에 대한 상대적인 변화량을 보면 경희토류원소는 사프롤라이트(saprolite)하부와 상부에서 부화되어 있고 중부 사프롤라이트와 토양층에서 감소하는 반면에 중희토류원소는 사프롤라이트 하부와 상부에서 감소하고 중부사프롤라이트 및 토양층에서 부화되는 경향을 보인다. 전반적으로 희토류원소의 원자번호가 클수록 손실율이 커진다. 이 풍화단면에서 원소의 거동은 각 풍화층의 pH와 생성된 이차광물의 조성에 지배를 받았다.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.35-42
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• 2008

Mobile IP is a solution to support mobile nodes, however, it does not handle NEtwork MObility (NEMO). The NEMO Basic Support (NBS) protocol ensures session continuity for all the nodes in the mobile network. Since the protocol is based on Mobile IP, it inherits the same fundamental problem such as tunnel convergence, when supporting the multicast for NEMO. In this paper, we propose the multicast route optimization scheme for NEMO environment. We assume that the Mobile Router (MR) has a multicast function and the Nested Mobile Router Information (NeMRI) table. The NeMRI is used to record o list of the CoAs of all the MRs located below it. And it covers whether MRs desire multicast services. Any Route Optimization (RO) scheme can be employed here for pinball routing. Therefore, we achieve optimal routes for multicasting based on the given architecture. We also propose cost analytic models to evaluate the performance of our scheme. We observe significantly better multicast cost in NEMO compared with other techniques such as Bi-directional Tunneling, Remote Subscription, and Mobile Multicast based on the NBS protocol.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.759-771
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• 2011

We evaluated the pollution levels of organic matter and metallic element (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Mn, As, and Hg) in the intertidal surface sediments of Aphae Island using several sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and assessment techniques for sediment pollution. Based on the textural composition of sediment, the surface sediments were classified into two main sedimentary facies: slightly gravelly mud and silt. The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) in the sediments ranged from 4.6-9.9 (mean $7.4{\pm}1.1$) $mgO_2/g{\cdot}dry$ and from ND-0.53 (mean $0.04{\pm}0.10$) mgS/$g{\cdot}dry$, respectively. These values were considerably lower than those reported from a farming area in a semi-enclosed bay of Korea and for SQGs in Japan. The metallic element concentrations in the sediments varied widely with the mean grain size and organic matter content, implying that the concentrations of metallic elements are influenced mainly by secondary factors, such as bioturbation, the resuspension of sediment, and anthropogenic input. The overall results for the comparison with SQGs, enrichment factor (EF), and geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$) indicate that the surface sediments are slightly polluted by Cr and Ni, and moderately polluted by As. Our results suggest that the intertidal surface sediments of Aphae Island are not polluted by organic matter or metallic elements and the benthic conditions are suitable for healthy organisms.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.809-814
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• 2014

Spinel thin films were prepared by the spin spray technique to develop new thermal imaging materials annealed at low temperature for uncooled microbolometer applications. The spinel thin films were deposited from $[(Ni_{0.30}Co_{0.33}Mn_{0.37})_{1-x}Cu_x]_3O_4$ ($0.1{\leq}x{\leq}0.2$) solutions and then annealed at $400^{\circ}C$ for 1 h in argon. Effects of Cu content (x) and deposition time on the electrical properties of the annealed films were investigated. With increasing deposition time, the resistivity of the annealed films increased. For the annealed films deposited for 1 min, the resistivity of x=0.15 films was lower than that of x=0.1 films due to the different grain sizes. The high temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the annealed films could be obtained at temperature below $50^{\circ}C$. Typically, the resistivity of $127{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ and TCR of -5.69%/K at $30^{\circ}C$ were obtained for x=0.1 films with deposition time of 1 min annealed at $400^{\circ}C$ for 1 h in argon.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.192-200
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• 2000

8 bit and 16 bit microprocessors are widely used in the small sited control machine. The embedded microprocessors which is integrated on a single chip with the memory and I/O circuit must have simple hardware circuit and high code density. This paper proposes a 16 bit high code density EISC(Extendable Instruction Set Computer) microprocessor. SE1608 has 8 general purpose registers and 16 bit fixed length instruction set which has the short length offset and small immediate operand. By using an extend register and extend flag, the offset and immediate operand in instruction could be extended. SE1608 is implemented with 12,000 gate FPGA and all of its functions have been tested and verified at 8MHz. And the cross assembler, the cross C/C++compiler and the instruction simulator of the SE1608 have been designed and verified. This paper also proves that the code density$.$ of SE1608 shows 140% and 115% higher code density than 16 bit microprocessor H-8300 and MN10200 respectively, which is much higher than traditional microprocessors. As a consequence, the SE1608 is suitable for the embedded microprocessor since it requires less program memory to any other ones, and simple hardware circuit.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.535-550
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• 2018

Total organic carbon (TOC) will replace chemical oxygen demand ($COD_{Mn}$) as an effluent water quality standard in public sewage treatment works (PSTWs) from 2021 in Korea. To ensure effective control of TOC in the effluent, investigation was carried out into TOC levels and sewage treatment operation factors in five target PSTWs using anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic ($A_2O$) processes, media, membrane, and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technologies. TOC removal efficiencies appeared to be 93-96% on average. As a fraction of TOC, biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) was reduced from 64% in the influent to 9% in the effluent in these PSTWs. During the investigation, biological treatment processes were applied flexibly for operation factors such as HRT, SRT, MLSS, F/M ratios and BOD volume loads, based on the influent characteristics and design conditions. As a result, we suggest efficient operating conditions in PSTWs by evaluating relationships between TOC removal and operation factors.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.461-466
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• 2020

There are many application fields of electrical energy storage such as load shifting, integration with renewables, frequency or voltage supports, and so on. Especially, the frequency regulation is needed to stabilize the electric power system, and there have to be more than 1 GW as power reserve in Korea. Ni-rich layered oxide cathode materials have been investigated as a cathode material for Li-ion batteries because of their higher discharge capacity and lower cost than lithium cobalt oxide. Nonetheless, most of them have been investigated using small coin cells, and therefore, there is a limit to understand the deterioration mode of Ni-rich layered oxides in commercial high energy Li-ion batteries. In this paper, the pouch-type 20 Ah-scale Li-ion full cells are fabricated using Ni-rich layered oxides as a cathode and graphite as an anode. Above all, two test conditions for the application of frequency regulation were established in order to examine the performances of cells. Then, the electrochemical performances of two types of Ni-rich layered oxides are compared, and the long-term performance and degradation mode of the cell using cathode material with high nickel contents among them were investigated in the frequency regulation conditions.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.216-222
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• 2022

The capacity of high nickel Li(Ni_xCo_yMn_1-x-y)O₂ (NCM, x ≥ 0.8) cathodes is known to rapidly decline, a serious problem that needs to be solved in a timely manner. It was reported that cathode materials with the {010} plane exposed toward the outside, i.e., a radial structure, can provide facile Li⁺ diffusion paths and stress buffer during repeated cycles. In addition, cathodes with a core-shell composition gradient are of great interest. For example, a stable surface structure can be achieved using relatively low nickel content on the surface. In this study, precursors of the high-nickel NCM were synthesized by coprecipitation in ambient atmosphere. Then, a transition metal solution for coprecipitation was replaced with a low nickel content and the coprecipitation reaction proceeded for the desired time. The electrochemical analysis of the core-shell cathode showed a capacity retention of 94 % after 100 cycles, compared to the initial discharge capacity of 184.74 mA h/g. The rate capability test also confirmed that the core-shell cathode had enhanced kinetics during charging and discharging at 1 A/g.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.365-372
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• 2024

As the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continues to increase, various separators are being developed to with the aim of improving the safety performance. Although poly(imide) (PI)-based separators are widely used, it is difficult to control their pore size and distribution, and this may further increase the risk associated. Herein, a melamine phosphonic acid (MP)-coated PI separator that can effectively control the pore structure of the substrate is suggested as a remedy. After the MP material is embedded into the PI separator with a simple one-step casting process, it effectively clogs the large pores of the PI separator, preventing the occurrence of internal short circuits during charging. It is anticipated that the MP material can also suppress rapid thermal runaway upon cycling due to its ability to reduce the internal temperature of the LIB cell caused by the desirable endothermic behavior around 300℃. According to experiments, the MP-coated PI separator not only decreases the thermal shrinkage rate better than commercial poly(ethylene) (PE) separators but also exhibits a desirable Gurley number (109.6 s/100 cc) and electrolyte uptake rate (240%), which is unique. The proposed separator is electrochemically stable in the range 0.0-5.0 V (vs. Li/Li⁺), which is the typical working potential of conventional electrode materials. In practice, the MP-coated PI separator exhibits stable cycling performance in a graphite-LiNi_0.83Co_0.10Mn_0.07O₂ full cell without an internal short circuit (retention: 90.3%).

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.269-273
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the resistance to abiotic stress in the progeny obtained by a cross between NDPK2-transgenic line (NDPK2-7-1) and MnSOD (SOD2) transgenic line (SOD2-2-1-1-35) to develop transgenic petunia highly resistant to environmental stress. At the treatment of 100 and $200{\mu}M$ methyl viologene (MV), the progeny was significantly less damaged than its parental plants (SOD2- or NDPK2-transgenic lines) as well as non-transgenic plants, implying its resistance to oxidative stress enhanced than SOD2- or NDPK2-transgenic plants. In an expression of 11 quantitative traits, the progeny remained similar to control plants, although it infrequently displayed slightly longer or wider than non-transgenic control plants. In the color and shape of flowers, there was no significant difference between the progeny and its parents or non-transgenic control.