• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.639-644
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• 2015

This study investigated changes in physicochemical characteristics of barely powder produced from different cultivars (Dahan, Hinchalssal, Heugkwang, Heugnurl and Boseokchal) and with different degrees (15, 19, 23, and 27%) of milling. Crude protein content increased with decreasing milling degrees, with content ranges of 7.38-10.09, 8.01-10.58, 9.47-11.62, and 9.03-12.08%, respectively. Further crude lipid and ash content increased with decreasing milling degree. The crude lipid content was highest in Dahan-milled barley, while crude ash content was highest in Hinchalssal-milled barley. As the milling degree decreased, palmitic and stearic acid composition decreased and oleic and linoleic acid composition increased. Major minerals present in the barley powder were Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and Zn. K and Mg content increased with decreasing milling degree. These results indicate that further studies are needed to optimize the cultivar usage and degree of milling for manufacture of various barley products.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.318-325
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• 2002

Cooking characteristics of coated rice with water homogenate of citrus fruit peels (1% for rice) were investigated. The color of the coated rice both before and after cooking was dark yellow. The total content of carotenoids, hesperidin and naringin were 10.74, 2173.12 and 1468.40 mg% for citrus fruit peels, 0.46, 108.65 and 73.35 % for its water homogenate, 0.12, 21.73 and 14.62 mg% for coated rin, and 0.05, 8.67 and 5.87 mg% fur cooked coated rice, respectively. Citrus fruits peel contained 94.22 mg% of asparagine, 24.88 mg% of methionine, 19.64 mg% of alanine, and 15.37 mg% of ${\gamma}$-aminoisobutyric acid as the majority free amino acids, accounting for 70% of the total free amino acids present. Total free amino acid content of the cooked coated rice increased by 15% compared to those of cooked uncoated rice. The majority of minerals in the citrus fruit peels were K and Ca, accounting for 56% of total minerals present. The mineral content of cooked coated rice was generally higher than that of the cooked uncoated rice. The cooked coated rice showed comparable hardness, gumminess and brittleness, but higher cohesiveness and springiness than the cooked uncoated rice. There were no differences in sweet and bitter taste between the cooked uncoated and coated rice. However, the cooked coated rice showed higher sensory scores fur color acceptability, savory taste and overall acceptability than the cooked uncoated rice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 2010

This study was investigated the effect of antioxidative vitamin supplementation ($\beta$-carotene 175 mg, vitamin C 200 mg, vitamin E 33.5 mg) for 12 weeks on antioxidant status and autistic related behaviors in autistic children. The antioxidative vitamin-supplemented children had significantly lower concentrations of toxic mineral, such as cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in hair, while they had higher concentration of antioxidant minerals (Se, Zn, Fe) in hair. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for 12 weeks reduced free radical while it increased the hair levels of serotonin compared to the beginning of the study. Additionally, antioxidative vitamin supplementation resulted in significant improvement in social age. These results indicate that the consumption of antioxidative vitamin supplementation for 12 weeks in autistic children may increase plasma antioxidant mineral concentration, resulting in reduced toxic mineral and free radical and improved autistic behavior.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.77-89
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• 2000

In this study, to activate the industrialization and to improve the quality of Toha-jeot by shortening the fermentation period, we investigated the changes in the nutritional components of Toha-jeot. salt-fermented Toha shrimp( Caridina denticulata denticulata $D_{E}$ $H_{AAN}$) which was salted with a low-salt group and high-salt group during fermentation. In this experiment. there are four groups of Toha-jeot which were manufactured with 15% ratio of common salt: the first group containing 2% wheat bran (w2%-L). the second high-salt group containing 2% wheat bran( w2%-H) , the third low-salt group containing 4% wheat bran (w4%-L) and the last high-salt group containing 4% wheat bran(w4%-H). These four groups were refrigerated at 4${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ and then taken out for analysis at three month intervals during 9 month. Among the free amino acid contents in Toha-jeot, 22 kinds were detected. 6 month after the fermentation when the quantity of the amino acid contents in Toha-jeot is highest, ornitine, glutamic acid, leucine. alanine. lysine and valine occupy the majority, in the order of abundance. In cases of nucleotides. 6 month after the fermentation. from the groups w2%-L, w2%-H and w4%-L, inosine and IMP were not detected. and hypoxanthine, AMP, ADP were detected but 9 month after the fermentation ADP was not detected. The main constituents of fatty acid were as follows : (a) from w2%-L, w2%-H, 6 month after the fermentation. $C16:0$, $C12:0$, $C18:1$, $C18:3$, and $C16:1$. (b) from w4%-L. 6 month after the fermentation, $C18:3$, $C16:0$, $C12:0$ and $C18:1$. (c) from W4%-H, $C16:0$, $C12:0$, $C18:3$ and $C18:1$. In case of mineral contents. Na, Ca. K. Mg, Fe. Zn, Mn and Cu were detected according to the magnitude of the quantity. From the group w4%-H, high quantity of Na was detected during the total fermentation period. In case of color value, from the groups w2%. the values of L. a. b were highest after 6 month fermentation and were decreased after 9 month fermentation, while from groups w4%, the values of L, a, b were gradually decreased after 3 month fermentation.ion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1986

This study was conducted to research the industrial utilizaion of the maize germs separated in the manufacture of the cornstarch. The maize germs contained crude protein (25.3%) and crude fat (19.2%), with the 512 Kcal/100g of determined food energy values. It was found to have the valuable amounts of essential minerals, such as the content of calcium and phosphorus were low (53.0, 12.3mg%), while those of potassium (495.4mg%), magnesium (95.0mg%), zinc (48.3ppm) and manganese (45.2ppm) were plentiful. It was noted that the iodine value was 44.0, saponification value 292.3, acid value 1.5 and peroxide value about 3.3. The lipid fractions obtained by silicic acid column chromatography were mainly composed of neutral lipid, whereas, the contents of glycolipid and phospholipid were scarcely. The major fatty acids in total lipids were linoleic $(60{\sim}62.5%)$, oleic $(20{\sim}22.5%)$ and palmitic $(10{\sim}13.5%)$ acids. The content of the unsaturated fatty acids was more predominant than that of the saturated fatty acids. The content of the insoluble proteinous nitrogen (32.5%) was the most abundant. whereas, the contents of soluble proteinous nitrogen (12.7%) and peptide proteinous nitrogen (3.3%) were low. The major amino acids of the maized germs were glutamic, glycine, alanine and aspartic. It has been identified by the SDS-disc electrophoresis that the protein of maized germs had $5{\sim}6$ bands. Compared with standard substances, the molecular weight of the main protein was estimated to be $14,500{\sim}24,500$.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.223-232
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• 1995

New two macrocyclic compounds using as carriers of liquid emulsion menbrame, have been synthesized. These reuslts provide evidance for the usefulness of the theory in designing the systems. The efficiency of selective transport for heavy metal ions have been discussed from the membrane systems that make use of $SCN^-$,<>,$I^-$,CN- and $Cl^-$ ion as co-anions in source phase and make use of $S_2O_3^{2-}$ and $P_2O_7^{4-}$ ion as receiving phase, respectively. The transport rate of M(II) was highest when a maximum amount of the M(II) in the source phase was present as$Cd(SCN)_2$$(P[SCN^-]= 0.40M)$, $Hg(SCN)_2([SCN^-]=0.40M)$ and Pd(CN)$([CN^-]= 0.40M)$. The Cd(II) and Pb(II) over each competitive cations were well transprted with 0.3M-S2032- and 0.3M-P2O74-, respectively in the receiving phase. Results of this study indicate that two criteria must be met in order to have effective macrocycle-mediated transport in these emulsion system. First one must effective extraction of the $M^{n+}$ into the toluene systems. The effectiveness of this extraction is the greatest if locK for $M^{n+}$macrocycle interaction is large and if the macrocycle is very insoluble in the aqueous phase. Second, the ratio of the locK values (or Mn+-receiving phase ($S_2O_3^{2-}$- or $P_2O_7^{4-}$) to $M^{n+}$-macrocycle (($L_1$이나 $L_2$) interaction must be large enough to ensure quantitative stripping of Mn+(($Cd^{2+}$,$Pb^{2+}$)at the toluene receiving Phase interface. $L_1$(3.5-benzo-10,13,18,21-tetraoxa-1,7,diazabicyclo(8,5,5) eicosan) forms a stable ($Cd^{2+}$ and >,$Pb^{2+}$ complexes and $L_1$ is very insoluble in water and its $Cd^{2+}$ and >,$Pb^{2+}$ complex is considerably less stable than $Cd^{2+}$-(S2O3)22- and $Pd^{2+}-P_2O_7^{4-}$ complexes. On the other hand, the stability of the $Hg^{2+}$)+-$L_1$( complex exceed that of the $Hg^{2+}$- (S2O3)22- and Hg2+-P2O74-, and the distribution coefficient of $L_2$(5,8,15,18,23,26-hexaoxa-1,12- diazabicyclo-(10,8,8) octacosane) is much smaller than that of $L_1$. Therefore, the partitioning of Lr is favored by the aqueous receiving Phase, and little heavy metal ions transport is seen despite the large logK for $Hg^{2+}$+-$L_1$ and $Mn^+$($Cd^{2+}$+, $Pb^{2+}$+ and $Hg^{2+}$)-$L_2$ interactions. Key Words : macrocycles, transport, heavy metal, co-anion, source phase, receiveing, complex separation, interaction, destribution coefficient.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.767-772
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• 2008

Biodegradation of endocrine-disrupting phthalates [diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP)] was investigated with 10 white rot fungi isolated in Korea. When the fungal mycelia were added together with 100 mg/l of phthalate into yeast extract-malt extract-glucose (YMG) medium, Pleurotus ostreatus, Irpex lacteus, Polyporus brumalis, Merulius tremellosus, Trametes versicolor, and T. versicolor MrP1 and MrP13 (transformant of the Mn-repressed peroxidase gene of T. versicolor) could remove almost all of the 3 kinds of phthalates within 12 days of incubation. When the phthalates were added to 5-day pregrown fungal cultures, most fungi except I. lacteus showed the increased removal of the phthalates compared with those of the non-pregrown cultures. In both culture conditions, p. ostreatus showed the highest degradation rates for the 3 phthalates tested. BBP was degraded with the highest rates among the 3 phthalates by all fungal strains. Only 14.9% of 100 mg/I BBP was degraded by the supernatant of P. ostreatus culture in YMG medium in 4 days of incubation, but the washed or homogenized mycelium of P. ostreatus could remove 100% of BBP within 2 days even in distilled water, indicating that the initial BBP biodegradation by P. ostreatus may be attributed to mycelium-associated enzymes rather than extracellular enzymes. The biodegradation rate of BBP by the immobilized cells of P. ostreatus was almost same as that in the suspended culture. The estrogenic activity of 100 mg/I DMP decreased during biodegradation by P. ostreatus.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2005

Chemical components of the physiological activity substance in Zizyphus jujuba seed were analyzed for the use as an functional processed products. The proximate compositions of Zizyphus jujuba seed were carbohydrate 89.40%, moisture 8.23%, crude protein 1.22%, crude fat 0.65% and crude ash 0.50%, respectively. the richest mineral contained in Zizyphus jujuba seed was Mg(198.3mg/100g), followed by Mn(113.0mg/100g), K(100.2mg/100g), Ca(25.3mg/100g), P(25.6mg/100g_, Fe(23.5mg/100g), Zn(18.7mg/100g), Cu(7.4mg/100g) and Na(5.3mg/100g). Total amino acid contents of Zizyphys jujuba seed were 1103.12mg/100g, and the major amino acids were proline(235.17mg%), aspartic acid(175.941mg%), gltamic acid(101.46mg%), leucine(50.27mg%), serine(47.71mg%), aspartic acid(47.27mg%), glycine(41.60mg%) and lysine (33.78mg%), respectively. The amount of free amino acids in the protein of Zizyphus jujuba seed were 178.62 mg/100g, and the major free amino acids were proline(121.30mg%), alanine(6.01mg%), valine(2.63mg%) and arginine(2.04mg%), respectively. The compositions of major total fatty acid in the lipid Zizyphus jujuba seed were C18:2(n5c) 28.72%, C18:1(n9t) 23.76%, C18:1(n9c) 13.45%, C16:0 13.45% and C20:5(n3) 1.77% in order, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.2190-2198
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• 2017

Thermoactinomyces sp. strain YT06 was isolated from poultry compost and observed to degrade integral chicken feathers completely at $60^{\circ}C$, resulting in the formation of 3.24 mg/ml of free amino acids from 50 ml of culture containing 10 g/l chicken feathers. Strain YT06 could grow and secrete keratinase using feather as the only carbon and nitrogen sources without other supplement, but complementation of 10 g/l sucrose and 4 g/l $NaNO_3$ increased the production of the keratinolytic enzyme. The maximum protease activity obtained was 110 U/ml and for keratinase was 42 U/ml. The keratinase maintained active status over a broad pH (pH 8-11) and temperature ($60-75^{\circ}C$). It was inhibited by serine protease inhibitors and most metal ions; however, it could be stimulated by $Mn^{2+}$ and the surfactant Tween-20. A reductive agent (${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol) was observed to cleave the disulfide bond of keratin and improve the access of the enzyme to the keratinaceous substrate. Zymogram analysis showed that strain YT06 primarily secreted keratinase with a molecular mass of approximately 35 kDa. The active band was assessed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and was observed to be completely identical to an alkaline serine protease from Thermoactinomyces sp. Gus2-1. Thermoactinomyces sp. strain YT06 shows great potential as a novel candidate in enzymatic processing of hard-to-degrade proteins into high-value products, such as keratinous wastes.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.365-373
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• 1996

A survey was carried out to investigate the contamination of streams by the acid mine drainage originated from the abandoned coal mines and coal refuse piles. The physico-KDICical characteristics such as pH, sulfate and elements concentrations in the water and sediment in streams were analyzed. Microbial activity in the sediment was evaluated by measuring dehydrogenase activities. At sites contaminated by acid mine drainage, the pH of the water and sediment declined to acidic range from neutral due to the accumulation of sulfate. The dehydrogenase activity ranged from 12 to $170{\mu}g-TPF{\cdot}g-dry\;soil^{-1}{\cdot}24h^{-1}$ at the contaminated sites, whereas uncontaminated sites had activities of 1,176~4,259 ${\mu}g-TPF{\cdot}g-dry\;soil^{-1}{\cdot}24h^{-1}$. The dehydrogenase activity was significantly affected by low pH of the sediment, indicating that high concentration of sulfate inhibited microbial activity. The concentrations of heavy metals such as Pb and Fe in contaminated sdeiment (37~46 ppm Pb; 46,000~464,000 ppm Fe) were much higher than those in the uncontaminated sediment. The concentration of Al in the contaminated water acidfied by coal mine drainage was in the range of 11 to 42 ppm. Compared with those in the uncontaminated sediment, the concentrations of Mn, Mg and Ca in contaminated sediment were low because of the leaching from soil to water by the acidfied stream water.