• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.1020-1033
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• 2015

In order to design a compact urea selective catalytic reduction system, numerical simulation was conducted by computational fluid dynamics tool. A swirl type static mixer and a mixing chamber were considered as mixing units in the system. It had great influence on flow characteristics and urea decomposition into ammonia. The mixer caused flow recirculation and high level of turbulence intensity, and the chamber increased residence time of urea-water-solution injected. Because of those effects, reaction rates of urea decomposition were enhanced in the region. When those mixing units were combined, it showed the maximum because the recirculation zone was significantly developed. $NH_3$ conversion was maximized in the zone due to widely distributed turbulence intensity and high value of uniformity index. It caused improvement of $NO_x$ reduction efficiency of the system. It was possible to reduce 55% length of the chamber and connecting pipe without decrease of $NO_x$ reduction efficiency.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.611-623
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• 2024

The ISP-47 TOSQAN experiment was analyzed with containmentFOAM which is an open-source CFD code based on OpenFOAM. The containment phenomena taking place during the experiment are gas mixing, stratification and wall condensation in a mixture composed of steam and non-condensable gas. The k-ω SST turbulence model was adopted with buoyancy turbulence models. The wall condensation model used is based on the diffusion layer approach. We have simulated the full TOSQAN experiment which had a duration 20000 s. Sensitivity studies were conducted for the buoyancy turbulence models with SGDH and GGDH and there were not significant differences. All the main features of the experiments namely pressure history, temperature, velocity and gas species evolution were well predicted by containemntFOAM. The simulation results confirmed the formation of two large flow stream circulations and a mixing zone resulting by the combined effects of the condensation flow and natural convection flow. It was found that the natural convection in lower region of the vessel devotes to maintain two large circulations and to be varied the height of the mixing zone as result of sensitivity analysis of non-condensing wall temperature. The computational results obtained with the 2D mesh grid approach were comparable to the experimental results.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.252-259
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• 2001

Computational study has been performed to observe the flow characteristics of combustion chamber for geometrical modification in municipal solid waste incinerator. A series of geometrical modification has been carried out as an attempt to reduce the size of recirculation zone, to obtain uniform flow field in the secondary combustion chamber and to improve the mixing of combustion gas. Two dimensional non-reacting turbulent flow has been studied as the first step to get such goals and the result of design optimization is presented. In addition, three dimensional non-reacting and reacting flow analyses were performed to verify the validity of two dimensional approach.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2003

A cycle simulation method is developed by coupling a commercial code, Ricardo's WAVE, with the SENKIN code from CHEMKIN packages to predict combustion characteristics of an HCCI engine. By solving detailed chemical kinetics the SENKIN code calculates the combustion products in the combustion chamber during the valve closing period, i.e. from IVC to EVO. Except the combustion chamber during the valve closing period the WAVE code solves thermodynamic status in the whole engine system. The cycle simulation of the complete engine system is made possible by exchanging the numerical solutions between the codes on the coupling positions of the intake port at IVC and of the exhaust port at EVO. This method is validated against the available experimental data from recent literatures. Auto ignition timing and cylinder pressure are well predicted for various engine operating conditions including a very high ECR rate although it shows a trend of sharp increase in cylinder pressure immediate after auto ignition. This trend is overpredicted especially for EGR cases, which may be due to the assumption of single-zone combustion model and the limit of the chemical kinetic model for the prediction of turbulent air-fuel mixing phenomena. A further work would be needed for the implementation of a multi-zone combustion model and the effect of turbulent mixing into the method.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.574-581
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• 2008

The characteristics of combustion and flow for a lean premixed flame in lab-scale gas turbine combustor was studied through experiment and numerical analysis. From the experiment, flame structure and heat release rate were obtained from OH emission spectroscopy. Qualitative comparisons were made line-integrated OH chemiluminescence image and abel-transformed one. NOx analyzer was implemented to get the characteristic of NOx exhaust from the combustor. From the numerical analysis, the thermal distribution and characteristic of recirculation zone with the change of fuel-air mixing degree, the characteristic of methane distribution with equivalence ratio in the combustor respectively. Total heat release rate is increased with increasing equivalence ratio. Thermal Nox is reduced with increasing fuel-air mixing degree. Increasing equivalence ratio results in the decrease of the size of reaction zone and alteration of the position of the reaction zone into the entrance of the combustor.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.213-221
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• 1987

The Donghae mine locates at Jangjoari, Koseongun, Kyongsang-nam-do. The geology of the mine consists of the upper part of Chin dong Formation conformably overlain by tuffaceous Koseong Formation. These formations are intruded by the granodiorite and the basic dikes. The ore mineralization occurs in the fault breccia pipe at the center of a granodiorite stock. The estimated dimension of the breccia pipe is $7m{\times}70m{\times}200m$. The host rock has distinctive hydrothermal alteration halos consisting hematite zone, chlorite zone, epidote zone and sericite zone from outer zone to the ore vein. The ore mineralization occurred in the three distinctive stages. The ore minerals formed in the first stage are pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, stannite and tetrahedrite. Galena and arsenopyrite are formed in the second stage. Some sphalerite grains include exsolution dots of the chalcopyrite. It is suggested that the ore mineralization occurred by a boiling of a hydrothermal fluid during its initial stage and subsequent cooling and $CO_2$ fugacity drop of remaining hydrothermal fluid by a ground water mixing aided vertical zoning of the ore minerals.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제7권7호
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• pp.94-103
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• 1999

A model for the prediction of combustion and exhaust emissions of DI diesel engine has been formulated and developed . This model is a quasi-dimensional phenomenological one and is based on multi-zone combustion modelling concept. It takes into consideration, on a zonal basis ,detailed of fuel spray formation, droplet evaporation, air-fuel mixing, spray wall interaction, swirl , heat transfer, self ignition and burning rate . The emission model is considered with chemical equipment , as well as the kinetics of fuel. NO and soot reactions in order to calculate the pollutant concentrations within each zone and the whole of cylinder . The accuracy of prediction versus experimental data and the capability of the model in predicting engine heat release, cylinder pressure and all the major exhaust emissions on zonal and cumulative basis., is demonstrated. Detailed prediction results showing the sensitivity of the model bv various injection rates are presented and discussed.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.32-41
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• 2006

We analyzed the non-Newtonian and non-isothermal flow in the melt conveying zone in co-rotating and counter-rotating screw extruder system with the commercial code, STAR-CD, and compared the mixing performance with respect to screw speed and rotating direction. The viscosity of fluid was described by power-law model. The dynamics of mixing was studied numerically by tracking the motion of particles in a twin screw extruder system. The extent of mixing was characterized in terms of the residence time distribution and average strain. The results showed that high screw speed decreases the residence time but increases the shear rate. Therefore higher screw speed increases the strain and has better mixing performance. Counter-rotating screw extruder system and co-rotating screw extruder has the similar shear rate with the same screw speed in spite of different rotating direction. However, the counter-rotating screw has good mixing performance, which is resulted from longer residence time than that of co-rotating screw extruder.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2004년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.1116-1121
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• 2004

In this study, the effect of central fuel injection on a coaxial laminar $CH_{4}/air$ flame was experimented at the defined premixing condition(${\Phi}=1.90$, ${\sigma}=50/75/100%$, x/D=10). The partial premixing parameter are the equivalence ratio that total fuel is fixed at 200cc/min, the fuel split degree which means the percentage of fuel entering the outer tube to the total amount, and the mixing distance indicating the nonreactant mixture's homogeneity between inner tube top and burner exit. The object is to investigate the flame structure and chemiluminescence characteristics of laminar partial premixed flame as changing mixing parameters. The radical signal was acquired from ICCD camera and PMT. Each intensity was compared with Abel inverted value for measuring the effect of background light on the peak signal location and the intensity at central preheat zone. The results show that the peak location of each radical was broaden as the fuel split degree increasing because the mixing quality was enhanced. and $OH^{\ast}$ is a good indicator for flame front between reaction and preheat zone. At last $CH_{2}^{\ast}$ has the same tendency with $CH^{\ast}$ but a thinner reaction zone than $CH^{\ast}$ due to a rapid decay on the burned gas side.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.151-158
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• 1990

불규칙파에 의하여 형성된 쇄파대에서의 확산은 여러가지 요인에 기인한다고 볼 수 있다. 개개파의 쇄파에너지로 발생되는 난류형상, 유속의 공간변화에 의한 영향, 쇄파대 폭의 확장과 함께 나타나는 잉여파응력(Excess Momentum Fluxes or Radiation Stresses)의 불규칙 중첩에 의한 영향 등이며 이로 인하여 연안류는 보다 완만한 곡선을 나타낼 것이다. 본 연구에서는 단순파를 중첩시켜 표현하는 스펙트럼파 모델을 ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ 모델과 연안류 모델에 접속시켜 운용할 수 있는 모델시스템을 개발하여 현장 관측자료에 적용하였다. 적용결과, ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ 모델은 쇄파대 확산에 있어 난류확산의 영향과 불규칙한 응력중첩이 영향 모두를 잘 재현할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 본 수치모형에서는 고려치 못하였지만, 파 스펙트럼간 에너지의 비선형 전도효과도 연안류분포에, 특히 수심이 작은 연안 가까이에서, 무시할 수 없을 정도의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.