• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.369-373
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• 2013

The present study was performed to trace the decisive evidence for mixed infection of 2 Myxobolus species, M. episquamalis and Myxobolus sp., in the gray mullet, Mugil cephalus, from Korean waters. Mullets with whitish cyst-like plasmodia on their scales were collected near a sewage plant in Yeosu, southern part of Korea, in 2009. The cysts were mainly located on scales and also found in the intestine. The spores from scales were oval in a frontal view, tapering anteriorly to a blunt apex, and measured $7.2{\mu}m$ (5.8-8.0) in length and $5.3{\mu}m$ (4.7-6.1) in width. Two polar capsules were pyriform and extended over the anterior half of the spore, measuring $3.5{\mu}m$ (2.3-4.8) in length and $2.0{\mu}m$ (1.5-2.2) in width. In contrast, the spores from the intestine were ellipsoidal, $10.4{\mu}m$ (9.0-11.9) in length and $8.4{\mu}m$ (7.3-10.1) in width. The polar capsules were pyriform but did not extend over the anterior half of the spore, $3.7{\mu}m$ (2.5-4.5) in length and $2.2{\mu}m$ (1.8-2.9) in width. The nucleotide sequences of the 18S rDNA gene of the 2 myxosporean spores from scales and intestine showed 88.1% identity to each other and 100% identity with M. episquamalis and 94.5% identity with M. spinacurvatura from mullet, respectively. By the above findings, it is first confirmed that mullets from the Korean water are infected with 2 myxosporean species, M. episquamalis and Myxobolus sp.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.302-308
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• 2004

Sixty-six dogs diagnosed with cystolithiasis at animal clinics in the Busan area between April 2002, and April 2003, were reviewed. The chemical analysis of cystoliths from 66 dogs indicated that the predominant mineral component was struvite (45 dogs), calcium oxalate (14 dogs), or urate (6 dogs). Animals affected with struvite were grouped into four (s-1; struvite only, s-2; struvite mixed with lesser quantities of calcium oxalate or ammonium urate, s-3; nuclei and lamination, s-4; struvite nucleus surrounded by other minerals), with calcium oxalate into six(o-1; calcium oxalate monohydrate only, o-2; calcium oxalate dihydrate only, o-3; combination of calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate, o-4; calcium oxalate nucleus surrounded by other minerals, o-5; 100% calcium oxalate monohydrate nucleus surrounded by 100% calcium oxalate dihydrate, o-6; mixed calcium oxalate monohydrate nucleus surrounded by mixed calcium oxalate dihydrate), and with urate into two(u-1; ammonium acid urate only, u-2; ammonium acid urate mixed with lesser quantities of other minerals). In this study, the numbers of 4 groups of struvite were (s-1; 10, s-2; 9, s-3; 21, s-4; 5), 6 groups of calcium oxalate were (o-1; 0, o-2; 1, o-3; 2, o-4; 3, o-5; 2, o-6; 6), and 2 groups of urate were (u-1; 6, u-2; 0). The data from each group was analyzed and compared. Shih Tzu(14 cases), Yorkshire terrier(10 cases), mixed-breed(10 cases) and Miniature schnauzer(7 cases) were more frequently affected than the other breeds. Females(40 cases) were affected more than males(26 cases). Twenty-nine dogs had cystoliths associated with a bacterial urinary tract infection, and uroliths tended to recur. We conclude eradication of urinary infection along with appropriate food (e.g. prescription diet) with client compliance should help in reducing the incidence or severity of the disease.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 1998

This study was carried out to identify the infection rate of common internal parasites according to the age and the incidence of single or mixed parasitic infections from outside rearing dog in Kyungbuk province. Fifty-one dogs in 4 dog rearing farms were examined, and fece samples of dog's were freshly collected from farm ground and rectum swabs. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows ; 1. Out of 51 dogs examined, 9 dogs were infected with some helminths, and mean infection rate was 17.6%. 2. The frequently encountered helminths were Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis (32.3%), Toxascaris leonina(16.7%), Dipylidium caninum(8.3%) and Isospora sp(8.3%), in order. Specially the prevalence of Toxascaris leonina was relatively high in this study than other reports, and its significance was discussed. 3. The infection rate in younger dogs was higher than that of older dogs, especially that of the dogs under 6 months old was 31.3%, 6 months to 1 year old dogs was 0.8%, and over 1 year old dogs was 18.2%, respectively. 4. Single infection rates with Ancylostoma cantnum, Trichuris vulpis, Toxascaris leonina, Dipylidium caninum and Isospora sp were 11.8%. But double infection rates with the Ancylostoma caninun plus Trichuris vulpis and Toxascars leonina was 5.8%.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.107.2-108
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• 2003

Viral disease symptoms were investigated in the field grown Longiflorum hybrid cultivars, and the damages caused by infection with Lily mottle virus (LMoV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were assessed by comparing growth of plants produced from seeds of Longiflorum hybrid cultivar both infected by artificial inoculation and free from infection with theses viruses. Dominant symptom caused by spotaneous infection with LMoV and CMV in the field was mottle combined with chlorotic stripe on leaves. LMoV developed brownish necrotic lesion on floral leaves. The incidence of viral disease by mixed infection with LMoV, CMV or Lily symptomless virus (LSV) in the filed grown Longiflorum hybrid cultivar, cultivated for more than 6 years, was 80 to 84 percent. In comparison with virus-free plants, plants doubly infected with CMV and LMoV by artificial inoculation decreased stem length by 14 percent and fresh weight by 38 percent. In conclusion, flower quality and the stem length of Longiflorum hybrid cultivar were affected by LMoV and CMV infection.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 2019

To investigate the incidence status of lily viruses on Jeju island, lily samples were collected from 2015 to 2018 and examined for virus infection using RT-PCR. Of the viral infections, mixed and single infections were 70.0% and 17.9%, respectively. The incidence of mixed infections was highest for PlAMV and LSV as 43.4% in 2015; PlAMV, LSV 33.1% in 2016; LSV, LMoV 10.2% in 2017; and PlAMV, LSV, LMoV and CMV 15.8% in 2018. The incidence of PlAMV was observed to be 82.0% in 2015, 49.4% in 2016, 13.6% in 2017, and 39.5% in 2018 after the first occurrence of PlAMV in 2013. No symptoms were observed for single infection with LSV. However, in the case of mixed infection with LSV and LMoV, mosaic and leaf malformation symptoms appeared. With mixed infection with LSV and CMV, pale brown necrotic spots appeared, and mosaic and leaf curling were induced. PlAMV was more common in mixed infection than in single infection, and caused necrosis following the development of reddish-brown spots. PlAMV significantly decreased the marketability of lilies owing to the generation of leaf anomalies and curls, and its symptoms were more severe in mixed infections.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.205-211
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• 2010

Background: Procalcitonin is a well known marker in infection that plays a role in distinguishing between bacterial and viral infections in screening. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of procalcitonin in differentiating between 2009 H1N1 influenza pneumonia and community acquired pneumonia of bacterial origin, or mixed bacterial origin and 2009 H1N1 influenza infection. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed over the 6-month winter period during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Ninety-six patient-subjects were enrolled, all of whom had been diagnosed with community acquired pneumonia in emergency department during the study period. On admission, laboratory studies were performed, which included 2009 H1N1 influenza real-time polymerase chain reaction of nasal secretions and procalcitonin on serum; the laboratory values were compared between the study groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed on the resulting data. Results: Compared to those with bacterial or mixed infections (n=62) and bacterial pneumonia with confirmed organisms (n=30), patients with 2009 H1N1 pneumonia (n=34) were significantly more likely to have low procalcitonin levels (p=0.008, 0.001). Using cutoff of value >0.3 ng/mL, the sensitivity and specificity of procalcitonin for detection of patients with confirmed bacterial pneumonia were 76.2% and 60.6%, respectively. A significant difference in procalcitonin was found between 2009 H1N1 pneumonia and pneumonia caused by mixed influenza viral and bacterial infections (0.15 [0.05~0.84] vs. 10.3 [0.05~22.87] ng/mL, p=0.045). Conclusion: Serum procalcitonin measurement may assist in the discrimination between pneumonia of bacterial and of 2009 H1N1 influenza origin. High values of procalcitonin suggest that bacterial infection or mixed infection of bacteria and 2009 H1N1 influenza is more likely.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.467-477
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• 2017

A nationwide survey was performed to investigate the current incidence of viral diseases in Korean sweet potatoes for germplasm and growing fields from 2011 to 2014. A total of 83.8% of the germplasm in Korea was infected with viruses in 2011. Commercial cultivars that were used to supply growing fields were infected at a rate of 62.1% in 2012. Among surveyed viruses, the incidence of five Potyvirus species that infect sweet potato decreased between 2012 and 2013, and then increased again in 2014. Representatively, the incidence of Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) was 87.0% in 2012, 20.7% in 2013 and then increased to 35.3% in 2014. Unlike RNA viruses, DNA viruses were shown to decrease continuously. The incidence of Sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV) was 5.5% in 2003, 59.5% in 2011, and 47.4% in 2012. It then decreased continuously year by year to 33.2% in 2013, and then 25.6% in 2014. While the infection rate of each virus species showed a tendency to decline, the virus infection status was more variable in 2013 and 2014. Nevertheless, the high rate of single infections and mixed infection combinations were more variable than the survey results from 2012. As shown in the results from 2013, the most prevalent virus infection was a single infection at 27.6%, with the highest rate of infection belonging to sweet potato symptomless virus-1 (SPSMV-1) (12.9%). Compared to 2013, infection combinations were more varied in 2014, with a total of 122 kinds of mixed infection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 1997

Author investigated internal parasitism for the feces of dog's training center, breeding-dog farm, dairy farm, home by 120 indoor breeding dog and 566 outdoor one in Inchon area. This survey was done from February in 1994 to December in 1995. 1. As a result of total 686 samples, positives were 373(54.4%). Among them, indoor and outdoor breeding dogs were 21(3.1%) 352(51.3%), respectively. 2. According to breeding, it was manifested that 21samples (17.5%) of 120 indoor breeding dogs were positive, and 352 samples(62.2%) of outdoor breeding were positive. 3. The infection rate of dogs for food in dairy farm, breeding dogs in the farm, dog of training center and dog of house is high in order. 4. Infection rate of parasites in 24 dogs breeds, Mongrel dogs were 81.3%, Shepherds were 80.0%, Tosas were 78.4%, Akida and Siberian huskys were 76.2%, Jindos were 55.5%, Pointers were 50.0%, although Afghan hound, Spanial, Shin-tzu, Maltis and Buldog were examined as aparasites negative. 5. After administration with vermicide parasites infection rate were 43.0% in two months. In four months, it were 66.7%, and dogs without vermicide were 87.0%. It seemed like that further research about dosage of vermicide is needed. 6. The rate of single-infection was 37.6% and that of mixed-infection was 16.8%. Among classified 13 types, Ancylostoma caninum 35.6%, Toxocara cams 11.2%, Isospora sp 9.3%, Toxascaris leonina 5.1%, Trychuris vulpis 4.4% were investigated.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.114-117
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• 2013

To facilitate their spread, plant viruses have developed several methods for dispersal including insect and seed transmission. While insect transmission requires virus stability against insect digestion, seed-transmitted viruses have to overcome barriers to entry into embryos. Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is transmitted through seed at levels typically below 0.1%, but co-infection with Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) enhanced the seed transmission rate of BPMV in one experiment. In contrast, the rate of SMV seed transmission was not affected by BPMV co-infection. In a second preliminary study, the rate of SMV transmission was lower in an isoline of Williams 82 that contained a null mutation for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene than in Williams 82. In this preliminary study, we observed that factors such as protease inhibitor expression and dual infection may affect the frequency of seed transmission of BPMV and SMV.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.261-268
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• 2002

Bovine piroplasmosis caused by Theileria sergenti results in economic loss in the dairy industry. The majority of calves infected with T. sergenti in Korea harbor mixed populations with Buffeli, Chitose and Ikeda types. The T. sergenti types of the infected calves were examined to evaluate the effects of diminazene aceturate on their infection. To confirm the type of the T. sergenti infection, the allele-specific PCR was performed with the erythrocyte specimen from the 5 naturally infected calves. The dfferent allele-specific genes encoding the p32, p33 and 34, the immunodominant piroplasmin surface proteins, were amplified using the 3 sets of the oligonucleotide primers by PCR. The calves were treated with diminazene aceturate at the dose of 2mg/kg once intravenously and monitored for 12 months at one month intervals by the allele-specific PCR. Diminazene aceturate did not effect the Ikeda type infection. But diminazene aceturate effected the Chitose and Buffeli type infection reducing T. sergenti parasitemia. It is postulated that diminazene aceturate may effect the infection of the Chitose and Buffeli types, but not that of Ikeda type.