• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2016

The goal of the current study is to investigate how the sound change is reflected in production or in perception, and what the effect of lexical frequency is on the loss of sound contrasts. Specifically, the current study examined whether the vowel length contrasts are retained in Korean speakers' productions, and whether Korean listeners can distinguish vowel length minimal pairs in their perception. Two production experiments and two perception experiments investigated this. For production tests, twelve Korean native speakers in their 20s and 40s completed a read-aloud task as well as a map-task. The results showed that, regardless of their age group, all Korean speakers produced vowel length contrasts with a small but significant differences in the read-aloud test. Interestingly, the difference between long and short vowels has disappeared in the map task, indicating that the speech mode affects producing vowel length contrasts. For perception tests, thirty-three Korean listeners completed a discrimination and a forced-choice identification test. The results showed that Korean listeners still have a perceptual sensitivity to distinguish lexical meaning of the vowel length minimal pair. We also found that the identification accuracy was affected by the word frequency, showing a higher identification accuracy in high- and mid- frequency words than low frequency words. Taken together, the current study demonstrated that the speech mode (read-aloud vs. spontaneous) affects the production of the sound undergoing a language change; and word frequency affects the sound change in speech perception.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.143-151
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• 2024

Objective: This study aims to assess the test-retest reproducibility of the Short Form Berg Balance Scale (SF-BBS) and the Short Form Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (SF-PASS) among chronic stroke survivors, focusing on their reliability for consistent measurements over time. Design: A cross-sectional study design Methods: Thirty chronic stroke survivors participated in this study, undergoing evaluations with SF-BBS and SF-PASS scales at two different points, separated by a seven-day interval. The analysis focused on test-retest reliability, employing statistical measures such as the Intra-Class Coefficient (ICC_2,1), Standard Error of Measurement (SEM), Minimal Detectable Change (MDC), and MDC%, the Bland-Altman plot to assess the limits of agreement and the extent of random measurement error. Results: The study found notable test-retest reproducibility for both SF-BBS and SF-PASS, with ICC values demonstrating strong reliability (0.932 to 0.941, with a confidence interval of 0.889 to 0.973). SEM values for SF-BBS and SF-PASS were reported as 1.34 and 0.61, respectively, indicating low measurement error. MDC values of 3.71 for SF-BBS and 1.69 for SF-PASS suggest that the scales have an acceptable level of sensitivity to change, with reliability metrics falling below 20% of the maximum possible score. Conclusions: The findings suggest that both SF-BBS and SF-PASS exhibit high intra-class correlation coefficients, indicating strong test-retest reliability. The SEM and MDC values further support the scales' reproducibility and reliability as tools for evaluating mobility and dynamic balance in chronic stroke survivors. Therefore, these scales are recommended for clinical use in this population, providing reliable measures for assessing progress in rehabilitation.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1998년도 The Third Asian Fuzzy Systems Symposium
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• pp.308-313
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• 1998

In this paper we will discuss a type of inductive learning called learning from examples, whose task is to induce general description of concepts from specific instances of these concepts. In many real life situations, however, new instances can be added to the set of instances. It is first proposed within the framework of rough set theory, for such cases, an algorithm to find minimal set of rules for decision tables without recalculation for overcall set of instances. The method of learning presented here is base don a rough set concept proposed by Pawlak[2][11]. It is shown an algorithm to find minimal set of rules using reduct change theorems giving criteria for minimum recalculation with an illustrative example. Finally, the proposed learning algorithm is applied to fuzzy system to learn sampled I/O data.

• 대한전기학회논문지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.971-981
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• 1994

In this paper, we consider feedback-linearizing control of VR (Variable Reluctance) motors which have been increasingly used in high performance direct-drive applications. We characterize all torque controllers that can make the generated torque of a VR motor linear to torque command but without torque ripple. The torque controlles maximize the range of torque commands which are admissible under the physical limitation in stator currents. The whole class of all such torque controllers is parameterized in the explicit form which contains a function to be chosen freely. This free function can be used to achieve other control objectives as well as linear dynamic characteristics. As the examples for optimal choices of the free function, we actually determine two optimal free functions, one for minimal rate of change in current commands and the other for minimal power loss due to stator resistance. To illuminate further the practical use of torque controllers proposed in this paper, we present some experimental results for the case of a commercially available VR motor.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1997년도 추계학술대회 학술발표 논문집
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• pp.331-337
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• 1997

In this paper we will discuss a type of inductive learning called learning from examples, whose task is to induce general descriptions of concepts from specific instances of these concepts. In many real life situations however new instances can be added to the set of instances. It is first proposed within the framework of rough set theory, for such cases, an algorithm to find minimal set of rules for decision tables without recalculation for overall set of instances. The method of learning presented here is based on a rough set concept proposed by Pawlak[2]. It is shown an algorithm to fund minimal set of rules using reduct change theorems giving criteria for minimum recalculation and an illustrative example.

• 한국신뢰성학회지:신뢰성응용연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.167-176
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• 2011

This paper introduces models for preventive maintenance policies and considers periodic preventive maintenance policy with minimal repair when the failure of system occurs. It is assumed that minimal repairs do not change the failure rate of the system. The failure rate under prevention maintenance received an effect by a previously prevention maintenance and the slope of failure rate increases the model where it considered. Also the start point of failure rate under prevention maintenance considers the degradation of system and that it increases quotient, it assumed. Per unit time it bought an expectation cost from under this prevention maintenance policy. We obtain the optimal periodic time and the number for the periodic preventive maintenance by using Nakagawa's Algorithm, which minimizes the expected cost per unit time.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.165-177
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• 2013

This is the third in a series on coronary artery bypass which reviews three alternative arterial conduits. The radial artery has become the most widely used of the three and accumulating experience demonstrates better patency at 10 years versus saphenous vein. Drawbacks are a long incision on the forearm, the propensity for spasm and persistent sensory disturbance in about 10%. The first is answered by endoscopic harvest which may yield a shorter conduit but reduces sensory nerve injury. Spasm is managed pharmacologically and by less harvest trauma. The gastroepiploic artery is used in situ and free and although the abdominal cavity is entered complications are minimal and patency compares favorably with the radial artery. Use of the inferior epigastric artery remains minimal and its similar length often requires composite use but limited patency data are supportive. Other arteries have had rare use and this is unlikely to change because the three presented here have significant advantages and acceptance.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.205-211
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• 1995

To investigate the antimicrobial effect of polyphosphates as a food additive, the growth and structural change of Listeria monocytogentes Scott A were examined in relation to polyphosphates concentration and incubation temperature. Up to 10,000 ppm of polyphosphates, the growth rate of strain was gradually inhibited with increasing polyphosphates concentration and decreasting the incubation temperature. Minimal inhibitory concentration of polyphosphates to the growth of strain was about 12,000 ppm. It was observed , using both scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM), that 0.9% polyphosphates treatment was resulted in the destruction of cell wall and outflow of cell ingredients. The antimicrobial effects of polyphosphates were more effective than those of dehydroacetate and potassium sorbate at 13$^{\circ}C$ and 4$^{\circ}C$. The growth rate the strain in beef was significantly inhibited by the treatment of 0.9% polyphosphates and storaged at cooling temperature.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제20권1호통권32호
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• pp.195-200
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• 2007

Objective : This experimental study was performed to investigate the effect of Jinpi-san on Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) and Staphylococcus epidermidis(S. epidermidis) that induce keratitis. Methods : Minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) was measured by dropping to $50{\mu}l$ according to density Jinpi-san(100%, 10%, 1%, 0.1 %). Anti-bacterial potency was measured by the size of inhibition zone with change of volume. Results : 1. MIC on S. aureus in Jinpi-san was $40{\mu}l$ undiluted solution. 2. MIC on S. epidermidis in Jinpi-san was $20{\mu}l$ undiluted solution. Conclusions : These results indicate that Jinpi-san can be used to cure S. aureus, S. epidermidis that induce eye disease(keratitis). If further study is performed, the use of eye drops will be valuable and beneficial in the clinical medicines.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.265-269
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• 2000

Iron increased the susceptibilities of clinical isolates Pseudomonas aeruginosa to quinolones. In the presence of iron, increased susceptibilities to ofloxacin were observed in twenty-six out of thirty isolates and with no change in four isolates. In the case of norfloxacin, iran increased susceptibilities of twelve isolates but did not render any change in eighteen isolates. In the case of ciprofloxacin, iron decreased the MICs (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) of twenty isolates, increased the MIC of one isolate, and did net change the MICs of nine isolates. To find out how iron increased susceptibility to ofloxacin, bacterial cells were grown in Muller Hinton (MH) media and succinate minimal media (SMM) to induce iran acquisition systems and the intracellular ofloxacin concentrations were assayed in the presence of iron. The addition of iron to the media decreased the MICs of cells whether they were grown in MH or SMM. Siderophores, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (an inhibiter of proton motive force), and ouabain (an inhibitor of ATPase) did not decrease the effect of iron. Results suggested that the increase in the intracellular ofloxacin concentration by iron is accomplished not by decreasing the efflux but by increasing the of ofloxacin permeability.