• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2015

Before the advent of pasteurization and other microbiological controls in the dairy industry, milk product-borne diseases such as scarlet fever, typhoid fever, septic sore throat, and tuberculosis were globally widespread. Pasteurization was invented by Louis Pasteur, and it has been considered as one of the most effective ways to control milk product-borne diseases since the 20th century. Nevertheless, till date, various types of cheese in the EU, the USA, and other countries are made from unpasteurized milk as artisan cheese, following the specific food regulations of each nation. Furthermore, after the effectiveness of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations between Korea and many nations, the import of various types of cheese made in different conditions and influenced by acidity, preservatives, temperature, competing flora, water activity, and salt concentration increased yearly. Hence, the objective of this review was to describe (1) the 60-day aging rule of cheese, (2) characteristics of the outbreaks linked to cheese manufactured from unpasteurized milk since 1998 to 2011 in USA, and (3) serious health risks from unpasteurized milk, to ensure food protection and safety and to use this basic information for risk assessment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.135-140
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• 2020

Background: Breastfeeding reportedly reduces the overall frequency of infections. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the most common respiratory pathogen in infants, involves recurrent wheezing and has a pathogenic mechanism related to airway structural damage. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate whether breastfeeding has a beneficial effect against RSV-induced respiratory infection compared to formula feeding among infants in Korea. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of infants under 1 year of age who were admitted with RSV infection between January 2016 and February 2018 at the department of pediatrics of 4 hospitals. We investigated the differences in clinical parameters such as cyanosis, chest retraction, combined infection, fever duration, oxygen use, oxygen therapy duration, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and corticosteroid treatment of exclusive breast milk feeding (BMF), artificial milk formula fed (AMF), and mixed feeding (MF) groups. Results: Among the 411 infants included in our study, 94, 161, and 156 were included in the BMF, MF, and AMF groups, respectively. The rates of oxygen therapy were significantly different among the BMF (4.3%), MF (8.1%), and AMF (13.5 %) groups (P=0.042). The odds ratios (ORs) for oxygen therapy was significantly higher in the AMF group than in the BMF group (adjusted OR, 3.807; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-11.90; P=0.021). The ICU admission rate of the BMF group (1.1%) was lower than that of the MF (3.5%) and AMF (4.5%) groups; however, the dissimilarity was not statistically significant (P=0.338). Conclusion: The severity of RSV infection requiring oxygen therapy was lower in the BMF than the AMF group. This protective role of human milk on RSV infection might decrease the need for oxygen therapy suggesting less airway damage.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.258-265
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• 2018

We aimed to identify the relationships between puerperal metritis (PM) and serum metabolites, uterine health, milk yield, and reproductive performance in dairy cows. Blood samples from 150 Holstein dairy cows were collected just after calving, and at 1, 2, and 4 weeks postpartum to measure serum concentrations of ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), urea nitrogen, total cholesterol (TCH), albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), calcium, and magnesium. PM was diagnosed by the presence of fever (${\geq}39.5^{\circ}C$) and a watery, fetid uterine discharge during the first 14 days after calving. Cows were divided into two groups on the basis of the presence or absence of the disease: a control group (n = 83) and a PM group (n = 67). The cows diagnosed with PM were subcutaneously administered with 2.2 mg/kg ceftiofur for 3-5 days. The serum concentrations of BHBA tended to be higher (P = 0.06) and AST was higher (P < 0.05) in the PM group than in the control group 1 week after calving, whereas serum concentrations of urea nitrogen, TCH, albumin, calcium, and magnesium were lower (P < 0.05-0.0001) after calving in the PM group than in the control group. The probability of clinical endometritis was higher (odds ratio = 5.40, P < 0.001) in the PM group than in the control group. Moreover, the proportion of neutrophils in the uterus was also higher in the PM group than in the control group 4, 6, and 8 weeks after calving (P < 0.001). The mean milk yield 1 and 2 months after calving was lower (P = 0.05) in the PM group than in the control group. The hazard of pregnancy by 180 days after calving tended to be lower (hazard ratio = 0.60, P = 0.07) in the PM group than in the control group, which led to an extended mean interval between calving and pregnancy (19 days) in the PM group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, PM is associated with higher postpartum concentrations of BHBA and AST, and lower concentrations of urea nitrogen, TCH, albumin, calcium, and magnesium. Moreover, PM is associated with subsequent poor uterine health, lower milk yield, and poorer reproductive performance in dairy cows.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.401-404
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• 2008

In livestock, diagnosis of disease is found on body temperature variation like a human. In case of cattle, body temperature variation can estimate disease that milk fever, toxication, diarrhea, dyspepsia, chronic enteritis, influenza, pneumonia, anthrax. So we are suggested the temperature measurement system for livestock. This system will be useful to a stock farmer and alternative that a worker.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.168-171
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• 1997

Appendiceal perforation is uncommon in the neonate. Diess reported the first case in 1908. Approximately 111 additional cases have been reported since that time. However, with exclusion of neonatal appendicitis associated with inguinal or umbilical hernias, necrotizing enterocolitis, meconium plug, and Hirschsprung's disease, there are only 36 cases of primary neonatal appendicitis. We treated a 12 days old boy with perforation of the appendix. The infant was 3000 g at birth and had a normal spontaneous vaginal delivary at 35 weeks of gestation. The mother was 31-year-old and had premature rupture of membrane. After normal feeding for the first 5 days of life, the infant had emesis of undigested milk, decreased activity and jaundice. The baby was admitted to the Pediatrics. Progressive abdominal distension, fever, decreased activity, and vomitting developed over the next six days. Erect abdominal radiography showed pneumoperitoneum. At exploratory laparotomy, a $0.8{\times}0.6$ cm sized perforation was noted at antime-senteric border of midportion of the appendix. Trasmural inflammation and the presence of ganglion cells were noticed on histology.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-33
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• 2000

Eighty dairy farms (38 farms responded) in Palmerston North area of New Zealand were questioned by mail questionnaire on: 1) general characteristics, 2) milk yield and feed supplementary, 3) reproductive efficiencies (12 questions) and 4) reproductive disorders (12 questions) from February to July, 1998. Among those 4 items, the reproductive efficiencies (3) and disorders (4), various diseases and culling rates were surveyed and analyzed for Korean dairy farmers (especially in Cheju island) and compared with New Zealand. The results are as follows: 1. Fifteen farms in 38 dairy farms relied entirely on artificial insemination, the rest of 23 dairy farms (60.5%) raised 5∼6 bulls to increase conception rate. The dairy farmers in Palmerston North used artificial insemination from Oct 4th to Dec 10th for 42.8 days, and then used bulls from that point to coming Jan 10th for 41.4 days. The submission rate within 3, 6 and 10 weeks following the initiation of AI season was 84.7, 93.9 and 97.9% respectively. 2. The average age of heifers at the first estrus, pregnancy and calving was 11.0, 18.0 and 24.7 months respectively, and an average 1.4 estrus cycles were required for conception. The intervals of estrus recurrence and the following conception after calving were 38 and 68 days respectively. 3. Among inseminated cows, calving, abortion and empty cow was 90.9, 1.6 and 7.4% respectively. Calving rate decreased according to increasing farm size, while the number of empty cows decreased. 4. Stillbirth, retained placenta and delivery abnormalities were 5.3, 3.7 and 5.5% respectively, not different depend on herd size. 5. The incidence of milk fever, grass tetany, and ketosis was 3.6, 3.0 and 1.0%, respectively. The delivery abnormality and mastitis treated with medicine were 3.1 and 6.7%, but decreased according to farm size. Lameness was 8.6% on average, but over 10% in farms which has more than 400 milking cows. 6. Among the culled cows (15.5% of the total), those culled due to an old age, lameness and other diseases were 2.9, 1.8 and 4.3% respectively and those culled due to low milk production, reproductive abnormality reduced with farm size. 7. Compared with the data collected in Korea, the reproductive efficiency was better, and lameness, metabolic problem and culling rate were higher in New Zealand

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.61-76
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• 2020

Objectives : To study the pediatric contents in the 『Maijing』, the most comprehensive compilation of pulse theory. Methods : First, the original meaning was understood comprehensively through careful translation of the original text. Next, the original texts from which 『Maijing』 quoted certain verses were traced. Then, contents of 『Maijing』 were analyzed through comparison with contents from later period texts such as 『Beijiqianjinyaofang』, 『Zhubingyuanhoulun』, 『Xiaoeryaozhengzhijue』, 『Zhengzhizhunsheng』. Results : The study of pediatric contents of Wangshuhe's 『Maijing·Chapter9·Determining Pediatric Diseases 9th』 revealed that he set the standards of 'normal pulse' in terms of number of pulsation and pulse xiang[脈象] differently for children compared to adults. He summarized the most common disease patterns to be wind epilepsy[風癎], indigestion of breast milk[乳不消], and fright seizure[客忤氣], and described the pulses that reflected these conditions's physical characteristics. He also described the pulse and symptom patterns of 'growth fever[變蒸]' and 'heat in bone part[骨間有熱]' based on his observation, which contents were quoted and developed in 『Zhubingyuanhoulun』 and 『Xiaoeryaozhengzhijue』. For other miscellaneous pediatric conditions, he quoted prior texts such as 『Lingshu』 while adding words or making modifications to better reflect characteristics of children based on his observations in clinical pediatrics. Conclusions : It is concluded that 『Maijing·Chapter9·Determining Pediatric Diseases 9th』 not only describes pulse diagnostics but reflects in its contents pediatric theories and clinical knowledge of the Jin(晉)period, which affected pediatrics development of following periods.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.235-253
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• 2001

Tae-yeul is the baby's disorder inheritted by its mother during fregnancy. This is due to its mother's overeating hot, fatty food and taking harmful medicine. So internal physical fever is accumulated in mother's body, and it heats up the placenta and the umbilical cord. Generally, this disorder means the skin disease that is occurred from $2{\sim}5$ months to 1 year after birth. It is specialized by the dirty oozing, a severe itching and the rash at its head and face. It is similar in its symptoms such as atopic dermatitis in western medicine. Recently, this disease has the increasing tendency of prevalence rate because of the bad atmosphere and the invironmental pollution. The results were summerised as follows; 1, 2, 3, 4 1. The causes of Tae-yeul are summarized by fragnat woman's contacting a cool air, overating a hot and toxic food and taking emotional shock. 2. The symptoms of Tae-yeul are the edema on upper eyelids, stifling convulsions, flush, the fever of one side body, the asthma of sputum increase, the yawing of the tired mind, the bowl complaint, the red urine and urination disturbance. 3. In the treatment method of Tae-yeul, its mother feed her milk after taking a madicine. So one must expect to be treated slowly. If one tries to treat it with a cool madicine quickly, it can cause vomitting or a serious disorder. 4. In the prescription of Tae-yeul, they used a Moktongsan, a Chiwhnagtang, an Yangyoubang, a Tojuksan, a Whangyunsan, a Juryungtang and a Kamdutang, etc.. For the method of cleaning face or bathing, they used Sasungsan, Whanbaekpijuntang. 5. Tae-yeul including Naesun, Taelyumchang, yousun, etc. is similar to the atopic dermatitis of western medicine in its symptoms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.486-495
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• 2012

Twenty four periparturient cows were used to determine the effects of DCAD on acid-base balance, plasma and urine mineral concentrations, health status, and subsequent lactation performance. Each group of 12 cows received either a diet containing -100 DCAD or +100 DCAD for 21 d prepartum. Both anionic and cationic groups were divided into two groups, one received a +200 DCAD and the other +400 DCAD diet for 60 d postpartum. Prepartum reduction of DCAD decreased DMI, urinary and blood pH, urinary concentrations of Na or K and increased plasma and urinary Ca, Mg, Cl and S. Also cows fed -100 DCAD diet consumed the most dry matter in the first 60 d after calving. Postpartum +400 DCAD increased milk fat and total solid percentages, urinary and blood pH and urinary Na and K concentrations, but urinary Ca, P, Cl and S contents decreased. Greater DMI, FCM yields were observed in cows fed a diet of +400 DCAD than +200 DCAD. No case of milk fever occurred for any diets but feeding with a negative DCAD diet reduced placenta expulsion time. In conclusion, feeding negative DCAD in late gestation period and high DCAD in early lactation improves performance and productivity of dairy cows.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1984

The number of dairy cows diagnosed and treated at Hyup-dong Animal Hospital from July 1983 to June 1984 was amounted to 3,073 heads of Holstein breed and the result of analysis of diseases was as follows : 1. In the topographic diagnostic categories, 41.23% of all cases involved the urogenital system and were observed most prominent. Next were digestive system (22.10%), general and regional (14.55 %), respiratory system (8.20%) and musculoskeletal system (7.06%) in decreasing order. 2. In urogenital system 50.20% of all diagnosis involved metritis and this were most prominent disease. Next were repeat breeder(15.31%), retained placenta (12.79%) and ovary disfunction(9.40 %) in decreasing order. 3. In digestive system 36.82% of all diagnosis involved enteritis and were most prominent. Next were abomasal displacement (29.31%), lumen indigestion (20.32%) and lumen bloat (9.57%) in decreasing order 4. In general and regional diseases, 52.80% of all diagnosis involved ketosis and were most prominent. Next were milk fever (25.50%), downer cow (5.82%) and omphalitis (4.47%) in decreasing order. 5. In respiratory system, 82.54% of all diagnosis involved upper respiratory tract infections and were most prominent. Next were pneumonia (15.87%). 6. In musculoskeletal system, 49.31% of all diagnosis involved foot rot and were most prominent. 7. In milk secreting system, 61.64% of all diagnosis involved mastitis and ere most prominent. Next were stenosis of teat canal (16.35%). 8. Among the individual disease entities, endometritis marked 20.7%, enteritis 8.13%, ketosis 7.68% upper respiratory tract infection 6.77%, repeat bheeder 6.31%, retained placenta 5.27%, abomasal displacement 4.69%, and lumen impaction 4.49%, respectively of total 3,073 cases in decreasing order.