• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.98-105
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• 2012

The focus of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of joining parameter on the microstructure and mechanical properties of welds produced by friction stir lap welding. The dissimilar Al alloys, KS5J32 and AA6K31, were joined by friction stir lap welding technique under several welding conditions, and KS5J32 alloy was placed on the top of AA6K31 alloy. The tool rotation speeds were 1000, 1250, and 1500rpm, and the welding speeds were 100, 300, 500, 700mm/min, respectively. The results showed that two shapes of nugget, such as onion ring and irregular vortex type, were observed with various revolutionary pitch. In all welding conditions, fracture occurred at the soften region of bottom sheet(AA6K31) and the strengths were 64~78% of those of base metal. Fractured positions were classified into three types : HAZ, triple point, void depending on the revolutionary pitch. The actual thickness of specimen at the fractured location was decreased with decreasing heat input. A linear relationship exists between the effective thickness of fractured position and peak load.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.129-133
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• 2016

$MnO_2$ was added to the $0.95(Na_{0.5}K_{0.5})NbO_3-0.05CaTiO_3$ (NKN-CT) ceramics in order to promote the densification and improve the poling efficiency by increasing the resistance of the specimens. Densification and abnormal grain growth occurred in the $MnO_2$-added NKN-CT ceramics sintered at $1020^{\circ}C$, indicating that $MnO_2$ assisted the liquid-phase sintering of these materials. $Mn^{3+}$ ions were considered to enter the A-site of the matrix, thereby producing the free electrons, which interacted with the holes resulting from the evaporation of alkali ions. This interaction results in an increase in the resistance of the specimens. The increased resistance improved the poling efficiency and, hence, the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the NKN-CT ceramics. A few of the $Mn^{3+}$ ions that entered the B-site of the NKN-CT matrix led to a slight increase in the mechanical quality factor.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.233-240
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• 2019

This study analyzes the mechanical properties, including the attrition rate, of $50{\mu}m$ size yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) beads with different microstructures and high-energy milling conditions. The yttria distribution in the grain and grain-boundary of the fully sintered beads relates closely to Vickers hardness and the attrition rate of the YSZ beads. Grain size, fractured surfaces, and yttrium distribution are analyzed by electronic microscopes. For standardization and a reliable comparison of the attrition rate of zirconia beads with different conditions, Zr content in milled ceramic powder is analyzed and calculated by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer(XRF) instead of directly measuring the weight change of milled YSZ beads. The beads with small grain sizes sintered at lower temperature exhibit a higher Vickers hardness and lower attrition rate. The attrition rate of $50{\mu}m$ YSZ beads is measured and compared with the various materials properties of ceramic powders used for high-energy milling. The attrition rate of beads appears to be closely related to the Vickers hardness of ceramic materials used for milling, and demonstrates more than a 10 times higher attrition rate with Alumina(Hv ~1650) powder than $BaTiO_3$ powder (Hv ~315).

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권8호
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• pp.482-487
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• 2009

In order to investigate the effects of intermediate heat treatment between cold rolling passes on the hardness and corrosion properties of a Zr alloy incorporating Nb (Zr-1.49Nb-0.38Sn-0.20Fe-0.11Cr) strip, three different intermediate heat treatment processes ($580^{\circ}C{\times}4hrs$, $600^{\circ}C{\times}2hrs$ and $620^{\circ}{\times}1hrs$) were designed based on a recrystallization map and an accumulated annealing parameter. Test samples from the different processes were investigated by a hardness test, corrosion test, and microstructure analysis and appropriate heat-treatment conditions were thereupon proposed. The sample subjected to an intermediate heat treatment of $580^{\circ}C{\times}4hrs$ was harder than that undergoing $600^{\circ}C{\times}2hrs$ and $620^{\circ}C{\times}1hr$ while the corrosion resistance of the sample that received an intermediate heat treatment of $580^{\circ}C{\times}4hrs$ was superior to that of the other specimens. Considering the trade-off of hardness and corrosion resistance, an intermediate heat treatment process of $600^{\circ}C{\times}2hrs$ is proposed to improve the manufacturing process of the alloy strip.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.555-560
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• 2014

In this paper, in order to develop outstanding Pb-free composition ceramics, the $Fe_2O_3$-doped ($Na_{0.525}K_{0.443}Li_{0.037}$)($Nb_{0.883}Sb_{0.08}Ta_{0.037}$)$O_3$ + 0.3 wt% $Bi_2O_3$ + x wt% $Fe_2O_3$ (x= 0~1.0 wt%)(abbreviated as NKL-NST) lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have been synthesized using the ordinary solid state reaction method. The effect of $Fe_2O_3$-doping on their microstructure and electrical properties were investigated. XRD diffraction pattern studies confirm that $Fe_2O_3$ completely diffused into the NKL-NST lattice to form a new stable soild solution with $Fe^{3+}$ entering the $Nb^{5+}$, $Sb^{5+}$ and $Ta^{5+}$ of B-site. And, phase structure of all the ceramics exhibited pure perovskite phase and no secondary phase was found in the ceramics. The ceramics doped with 0.6 wt% $Fe_2O_3$ have the optimum values of piezoelectric constant($d_{33}$), planar piezoelectric coupling coefficient($k_p$) and mechanical quality factor($Q_m$) : $d_{33}$ = 233 [pC/N], $k_p$= 0.44, $Q_m$= 95. These results indicate that the ($Na_{0.525}K_{0.443}Li_{0.037}$)($Nb_{0.883}Sb_{0.08}Ta_{0.037}$)$O_3$ +0.3 wt% $Bi_2O_3$ + 0.6 wt% $Fe_2O_3$ ceramic is a promising candidate for lead-free piezoelectric ceramics.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.317-322
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• 2012

미세 조직은 SEM, FT-IR 스펙트라, 인장특성, 그리고 [NCO]/[OH]의 mole %, 입도분석에 의해 측정하였다. 친환경적인 NATM에 관한 관심이 고조됨에 따라 스테인레스같은 금속코팅에 더욱더 중요한 열경화 무용제 수지를 합성 하였다. 이 수지는 일반적 도료와 비교하여 매우 강도가 강하고 내구성이 매우 좋다. 폴리우레탄 수지는 폴리올, IPDI, 실리콘 계면활성제, 촉매, 충전제로 구성된다. 폴리우레탄 화합물은 가교제가 첨가된 수지가 가교제가 첨가되지 않은 수지보다 물성이 우수함을 나타냈다. 견고한 폴리우레탄 도료의 기계적 특성은 [NCO]/[OH]와 가교제가 증가함에 따라 강도가 증가하였다. 합성한 도료의 물성 향상은 스테인레스 산업뿐만 아니라 다양한 산업에서 폴리우레탄 고분자 수지가 강구조물의 보수보강에 많은 응용이 기대된다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.208-213
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• 2007

Alumina/silver ($Al_2O_3/Ag$) nanocomposites with Ag content up to 9 vol% were prepared from nanopowder by soaking method using ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ of needle type and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The mechanical properties of specimens were investigated three-point flexural strength and toughness as a function of the Ag contents. The maximum flexural strength of the alumina/silver nanocomposite was 850 MPa for the 1 vol% composite, and also higher than monolith alumina as about 800 MPa at 3, 5, and 7 vol% Ag contents. Fracture toughness by single edged V-notch beam (SEVNB) was $4.05MPa{\cdot}m^{1/2}$ for the 3 vol% composite and maintained about $4.00MPa{\cdot}m^{1/2}$ at 5, and 7 vol% Ag content. Microstructure of fracture surface for each fracture specimens was observed. Due to the inhibition effect of alumina grain growth, the average grain size of nanocomposites depends on the content of Ag nano particles. The fracture morphology of nanocomposite with dislocation (sub-grain boundary) by silver nano-particles of second phases in the alumina matrix also showed transgranular fracture-mode compare with intergranular of monolith alumina. Thermal conductivity of specimens at room temperature was about 40 W/mK for the 1 vol% Ag content.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2023

To reduce the forming load due to the temperature drop, during the hot forging process, a reheating hot forging process design is required that to repeat heating and forging. However, if the critical strain required for recrystallization is not induced during forging and grain growth becomes dominant due to the reduction in dislocation density due to repeated heating, the mechanical properties may deteriorate. Therefore, in this study, Inconel 706 alloy was applied, and the grain refinement behavior was comparatively analyzed according to the number of reheating times and effective strain during reheating hot forging process. Reheating was carried out with a total compression rate of 40% up to 4 times. The Inconel 706 compression test specimens heated once showed finer grains as the effective strain increased due to the dynamic recrystallization phenomenon. However, as the number of heating increases, grain refinement was observed even in a low effective strain distribution of 0.43 due to static recrystallization during reheating. Moreover, grain growth occurs at a relatively low effective strain of 0.43 when the number of reheating is four or more. Therefore, it was effective to apply an effective strain of 0.43 or more during hot forging to Inconel 706 in order to induce crystallization through grain refinement and improve the properties of forged products. In addition, we could notice that up to three reheating times condition was appropriate to prevent grain growth and maintain fine grain size.

• Composites Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.254-258
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 폴리프로필렌과 다양한 탄소나노소재를 사용하여 제조한 복합재의 압출방향 및 권취속도에 따른 기계적 물성과 결정화도에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 폴리프로필렌에 탄소나노소재를 균일하게 분산시키기 위해 미분쇄기에 폴리프로필렌 분말(<700 ${\mu}m$)과 탄소나노소재를 혼합한 후 나노복합재 필름 제조를 위해 압출기를 사용하였다. 나노복합재 필름의 결정화도를 분석하기 위해 differential scanning calorimetry를 이용하였다. 기계적 물성을 인장시험을 통해서 측정한 후 순수 폴리프로필렌 물성과 비교하였고, 압출 시 필름 권취속도에 대한 나노복합재 결정화도의 차이를 확인하였다. 탄소나노소재를 첨가함으로써 고분자 필름의 기계적 물성이 향상됨을 확인하였고, 그에 따른 결정화도 역시 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 반면, 권취속도가 증가 할수록 압출물의 냉각속도도 역시 증가함으로써 결정화도가 오히려 감소함을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1076-1082
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• 2012

오늘날 LNG선의 용접에는 아크와 플라즈마가 사용되고 있으나 아크용접은 에너지 밀도가 낮아 후판에 대해서 다층용접이 불가피하며, 고밀도 열원인 레이저 용접에 비하여 용접속도에도 한계가 있다. 따라서 후판 용접시 다층용접에 의한 용접부의 조직적 결함이나 과대 입열로 형성된 열영향부 등의 문제를 해소하기 위하여 키홀용접에 의한 원패스 용접이 고려되고 있다. 키홀용접이 가능한 열원은 레이저, 전자빔, 플라즈마가 있으며, 현재 플라즈마 용접이 아크를 대체하여 LNG선 카고탱크의 멤브레인 용접에 적용되고 있다. 최근에는 멤브레인의 용접에 레이저를 적용하기 위한 많은 연구가 진행 중에 있다. 본 연구에서는 LNG선용 스테인리스강에 대한 파이버 레이저 및 플라즈마 아크 용접의 용접성, 기계적 성질 및 미세조직을 비교하였다. 그 결과 레이저 용접이 더 빠른 용접속도에서 좁은 용접부와 열영향부를 얻을 수 있었다. 따라서 LNG선의 용접에서는 파이버 레이저가 보다 우수한 용접법이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.