• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.119-128
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• 2000

This study was carried out to determine if Salviae Radix extract (SRE) exerts protective effect against alterations in membrane transport function in rabbits with rhabdomyo lysis-induced acute renal failure. Acute renal failure was induced by intramuscular administration of glycerol (50%, 10 ml/kg). GFR in the glycerol-injected animals was reduced to 11% of the basal value and the fractional $Na^{+}$ excretion was increased to 7.8-fold, indicating generation of acute renal failure. When animals received SRE pretreatment for 7 days prior to glycerol injection, such changes were significantly attenuated. The fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate was increased more than 43-fold and 27-fold, respectively, in rabbits treated with glycerol alone. However, they were increased to 17-and 4.3-fold, respectively, in SRE-pretreated rabbits, and these values were significantly lower than those in rabbits treated with glycerol alone. Uptakes of glucose and phosphate in purified isolated brush-border membrane, the $Na^{+}-K^{+}-ATPase$ activity in microsomal fraction, and cellular ATP levels all were reduced in rabbits treated with glycerol alone. Such changes were prevented by SRE pretreatment. Uptakes of organic ions, PAH and TEA, in renal cortical slices were inhibited by the administration of glycerol, which was prevented by SRE pretreatment. Pretreatment of an antioxidant DPPD significantly attenuated the increase in the fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate induced by rhabdomyolysis. These results indicate that rhabdomyolysis causesimpairment inreabsorption of solutes in the proximal tubule via the generation of reactive oxygen species, and SRE pretreatment may provide the protection against the rhabdomyolysis-induced impairment by its antioxidant action.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.63-74
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• 1984

Preventive effect of the saponin fraction extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer against ethanol intoxication of the liver has been investigated biochemically and morphologically. Previous work in this laboratory showed that the moderate amounts of ginseng sponins stimulated several enzymes including mitochondrial dehydrogenases and transaminases so far examined in vitro. It was also realized that the half life of the saponin in the liver was estimated approximately five hours and the saponin concentration in the liver was around $10^{-5}\%$ level at two hours after the saponin (1mg) administration orally. In this study, it was confirmed that ginseng saponins stimulated alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol oxidizing system in vivo as well as in vitro. It seemed likely that toxic aldehyde formed during ethanol oxidation in the body might be removed relatively quickly from the liver and the excess hydrogen was used for the biosynthetic work in the presence of the saponin, resulting in the liver protection from alcohol intoxication. Electron microscopic observation demonstrated that the hepatocytes of rats doses with $12\%$ ethanol instead of water for six days were found severely damaged while those of the ginseng saponin administered rats were not impaired suggesting that the sapcnin protected the liver against ethanol intoxication.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.11
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• pp.143-149
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• 1969

In order to investigate the inter-relation with the growth of the rice-root and its transaminase-activity, by measuring the growth of its root and transaminase-activity supplying this root with various nitrogen Compounds($NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N and Amino acid.). The obtained results are summarized as follows; 1. Growth of rice-root supplied with $NO_3$-N is generally increased in length and weight, compared with that of the root fertilized by $NH_4$-N. 2. The above-metnioned root with $NH_4$-N is not only decreased in its weight and length but also is apt to inhibited its growth as the nitrogen concentruration is increased, in compared with the root provided with $NO_3$-N. 3. The activity of G.O.T. and G.P.T. for the root fertilized by $NH_4$-N, the badly grown root is generally increased, while of the root supplied with $NO_3$-N is decreased. 4. The activity of G.O.T. and G.P.T. for the root provided with amino acid known as the considerable growth inhibiting compound is generally decreased, while that of the badly-grown root is increased. 5. The activity of G.O.T. and G.P.T. in the supernatant fraction of the rice-root is for the most part, high and low in the mitochondrial fraction.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1970

In order to investigate the inter-relation with the growth of the barley root and GOT and GPT activities the growth of root and GOT, GPT activities were measured those which have been supplied various nitrogen compounds ($NO_3-N$, $NH_4-N$, Urea, and Amino acid). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Growth of barley root supplied with $NH_4-N$ is generally increased in length and weight compared with that of the root fertilized by $NH_4-N$. 2. The above-mentioned root with $NH_4-N$ is not only decreased in its weight and length but also is apt to inhibited its growth, in compared with the root provided with $NO_3-N$. 3. The activities of GOT and GPT for the root fertilized by $NH_4-N$, the badly grown root is generally increased, while of the root supplied with $NO_3-N$ is decreased compared with that of the root fertilized by $NH_4-N$. 4. The activities of GOT and GPT for the root provided with amino acid known as the considerable growth inhibiting compound for rice is generally decreased, while that of the badly known-grown root is increased. 5. The activities of GOT and GPT in the supernatant fraction of the barley is for the most part, high and low in the mitocondrial fraction.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.310-320
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• 2017

Ginseng has been widely used for traditional medicine in eastern Asia and is known to have inhibitory effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Because, platelet is a crucial mediator of CVD, many studies are focusing on inhibitory mechanism of platelet functions. Among platelet activating molecules, thromboxane $A_2$ ($TXA_2$) and P-selectin play a central role in CVD. $TXA_2$ leads to intracellular signaling cascades and P-selectin plays an important role in platelet-neutrophil and platelet-monocyte interactions leading to the inflammatory response. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory mechanisms of total saponin fraction from Korean red ginseng (KRG-TS) on $TXA_2$ production and P-selectin expression. Thrombin-elevated $TXA_2$ production and arachidonic acid release were decreased by KRG-TS dose (25 to $150{\mu}g/mL$)-dependently via down regulation of microsomal cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), $TXA_2$ synthase (TXAS) activity and dephosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase $A_2$ ($cPLA_2$). In addition, KRG-TS suppressed thrombin-activated P-selectin expression, an indicator of granule release via dephosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Taken together, we revealed that KRG-TS is a beneficial novel compound inhibiting $TXA_2$ production and P-selectin expression, which may prevent platelet aggregation-mediated thrombotic disease.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.222-227
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• 1992

Unlike carbohydrats and fats, alcohol is essentially foreign to the body and it is known that the body get rid of it by oxidizing alcohol maily in the liver. Acetaldehyde is produced during ethanol metabolism and is known to be oxidized mainly by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). ALDH activity was found mainly in the mitochondrial fraction but a significant ALDH activity was also present in microsomal and cytosol fraction. Wistar rats (150~200 g, male) were given freely with 12% ethanol (Control) and/or 12% ethanol containing 0.1% ginseng saponins (Test) instead of water for 6 days and the liver was analyzed. ALDH activities of both control and test group were lower than that of normal group but test AkDH was less inhibited than control. ADH activies of both control and test were slightly higher than that of normal group but our previous data showed that it became gradually steady after prolonged ethanol feeding. MEOS activities of both control and test group were much higher than that of normal group. MEOS enzymes are inducible but the activity of test group was greatly higher than that of control. Ethanol containing [1-i4C] ethanol (5 $\mu$Ci) was injected to the above three groups and 30 min later, the distribution of radioactivity of hepatic lipids was investigated. Radioactivities of hepatic lipids of both control and test group were higher than that of normal group, however, that of test group was much lower than that of control. Analysis of individual lipids showed that phospholipid biosynthesis was significantly impaired and fatty acid and triglycerides biosynthesis were greatly stimulated. However, it was realized that the saponin prevented phospholipid biosynthesis depression and the increase of triglyceride biosynthesis considerably. It seemed that the saponin might stimulate ADH, ALDH and MEOS and the acetaldehyde formed would be removed faster. The excess hydrogen can be shunt more quickly into lipid biosynthesis. Electron microscopic observation showed that the hepatic cell of control group was si gnificantly damaged. Mitochondria were swollen and rough endoplasmic reticulum were dilated, however, hepatocytes of test group were not damaged.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of green tea catechins (GTC) on the lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD). GTC showed the high SOD activity, while sitgnificantly inhibited the peroxide value of linoleic acid (93%) and lipid peroxidation (84%) from rat liver microsomal fraction induced by Fe$^{2+}$ascorbate system. The effects of GTC on the SOD and catalase activities, and lipid peroxidation after oral administration were investigated. GTC (50 mg/kg) significantly increased SOD (62%) and catalase activities (75%), while significantly inhibited the lipid peroxidation (52%) of rat liver microsome in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that GTC has the antioxidative effect which is rotated to the prevention of aging and cancer.r.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.361-374
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• 2000

This study was done to elucidate the antioxidant activities of Polygoni Radix rubra(赤何首烏) by way of aqua-acupuncture methods. After 10% & 20% concentrations of liquid extract of Polygoni Radix rubra(PRR) were acupunctured on Joksamri(足三里) of rats with acute and chronic experimental oxidation by AAPH(2, 2' -azobis (aminoidinopropane), hydrochloride), various kinds of experiments were performed. The results were obtained as follows: 1. In acute oxidant experiment, the amount of TBARS was significantly increased from 0.5 hr to 1.5 hr after AAPH treatment 2. In acute oxidant experiment by AAPH, uric acid as significantly increased while the others didn't show any difference such as total protein, albumin, bilirubin. 3. In chronic oxidant experiment by AAPH, PRR significantly increased the body weight in comparison with control group, whereas liver and spleen tended to increase, lung and kidneys tended to decrease. 4. In chronic oxidant experiment by AAPH, PRR significantly decreased the GPT, hemolysis of erythrocytes, TBA and BUN, where GOT was significantly reduced in 20% PRR treated group, and TG was significantly in 10% PRR treated group. These results suggest that PRR has potent antioxidant activity and needs more studies on microsomal fraction of liver and kidney.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.1022-1025
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• 2002

Effect of chemical stress of daily administration of glucocorticoid (dexamethasone @0.125 mg./calf/day) injections on plasma zinc levels, Zn status of body tissues and its distribution in sub cellular fractions, was studied in neonatal buffalo calves. Daily i/m injections of dexamethasone, starting at the completion of 1 week of age and continued till 8th week, led to a significant decline in plasma Zn concentration from 3rd week onwards, which then persisted throughout the rest of the experimental period. In control group, liver had the highest concentration of zinc, followed by heart, muscle, spleen, kidney and testis. In all these tissues, cytosolic fractions had the highest (>60%) zinc levels followed by nuclear, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. In dexamethasone treated calves, there was a significant increase in the Zn uptake by the tissues of liver and muscle. This increase in zinc concentration was observed in all the sub cellular fractions of liver and muscle, however about 80% of this increase was in cytosolic fraction. It was concluded that glucocorticoid-induced stress caused increase in Zn levels of liver/muscles and decrease in blood plasma zinc, thus indicating a redistribution of Zn in body.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.283-287
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• 2005

Since the discovery of generation of $O_2^-$ in plant, many evidence for the oxidative burst (OXB) has been accumulated in various combinations of plant and pathogen or elicitor systems. $O_2^-$ generating system responsible for the OXB was coupled with oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in microsomal fraction isolated from sliced aged potato tuber slices which were treated by hyphal wall components elicitor from Phytophthora infestans (HWC). We developed new assay method for quantitative measurement of oxygen radical $O_2^-$ by using electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis during elicitor­induced OXB on the surface of plant tissues. The ESR analysis using an $O_2^-$ trapper, Tiron (1,2-dihydroxy-3,5­benzenedisulfonic acid), provided a convenient assay for detecting only $O_2^-$ during elicitor-induced OXB producing various active oxygen species (AOS) on plant tissue surface. Tiron was oxidized to Tiron semiquinon radical by $O_2^-$. Quantity of the radical signal was measured by specific spectra on ESR spectroscopy. The level of $O_2^-$ was high in from surface of potato tuber tissue treated with hyphal cell wall elicitor (HWC) from Phytophthora infestans. There was no secondary OXB induction by $H_2O_2$ treatment in plant.