• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.468-474
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• 1998

This study was performed to determine the effects of antimutagenicity from Barley (Hordeum vulgare). In Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay (In vitro test), the extract of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) inhibited mutagenic activity of 4-NQO and Trp-p-1 with 59 mix. in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. In Micronucleus test (In vivo test), the methanol extract of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) inhibited micronucleus formation in bone marrow by cyclophosphamide. The $\beta$-glucan of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) showed inhibitory effects of 59-77% in mutagenic activity of 4-NQO by Salmonella typhimurium TA100. The mutagenicity of Trp-p-1 with S9 mix. by Salmonella typhimurium TA98 showed inhibitory effects of 24-56%. The methanl extract (M) was fractionated with ether (MI), ethylacetate (M2), buthanol (M3) and water (M4). The Antimutagenicity of Trp-p-1 with 59 mix. by Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in Barley fraction showed the following: methanol extract (99.58%)>ether fraction (98.05%)>buthanol fraction (56.90%)>water fraction (56.72%)>ethyl acetate fraction (28.72%). Among them, ether fraction in TA 98 showed strong antimutagenicity effects (85.56%, 98.05%) against mutation induced by 4-NQO and Trp-p-1. As concentration of the methanol extract increased (1.25~5 g/kg/10 cc), micronucleus formation in bone marrow by chemical mutagen (CP) showed inhibitory effects of 50% (p< 0.05).

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.141-167
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• 2006

The genotoxicity of water extract of Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang was tested by In Vitro Chromosome Aberration Test. Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay and Micronucleus test according to OECD Guidelines and KFDA Guidelines. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Chromosome Aberration Test: In Vitro Chromosome Aberration Test of Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang extracts was carried out using cultured Chinese hamster lung cells in the presence and absence of metabolic activation system(S-9 mix). No significant changes in the number of aberrant metaphases having structural and number of aberrations were detected in Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang extracts treated groups. 2. Bacterial Reveres Mutation Assay: Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang extracts was evaluated for its potential to induce reverse mutation in the histidine auxotroph strains of Salmonella typhimurium such as TA100, TA1535, TA98 and TAl537 and the tryptophan auxotroph strain of Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA. No significant changes in the number of revertant colonies compared to its negative control were detected in Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang extracts treated groups against all 5 strains. 3. Micronucleus test: Micronucleus test of Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang extracts were performed using specific pathogen free 7-week old male ICR mouse. No significant changes in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes among 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes compared to negative control were detected in all Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang extracts treated groups. In summarized above-mentioned results, it is concluded that Bojungikkeehapdaechilki-tang extracts have not genotoxicity against In Vitro Chromosome Aberration Test, Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay and Micronucleus test.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2013

Chrysanthemum indicum is widely used to treat immune-related and infectious disorders in East Asia. C. indicum flower oil contains 1,8-cineole, germacrene D, camphor, ${\alpha}$-cadinol, camphene, pinocarvone, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, 3-cyclohexen- 1-ol, and ${\gamma}$-curcumene. We evaluated the safety of C. indicum flower oil by conducting acute oral toxicity, bone marrow micronucleus, and bacterial reverse mutation tests. Mortality, clinical signs and gross findings of mice were measured for 15 days after the oral single gavage administration of C. indicum flower oil. There were no mortality and clinical signs of toxicity at 2,000 mg/kg body weight/day of C. indicum flower oil throughout the 15 day period. Micronucleated erythrocyte cell counts for all treated groups were not significantly different between test and control groups. Levels of 15.63~500 ${\mu}g$ C. indicum flower oil/plate did not induce mutagenicity in S. Typhimurium and E. coli, with or without the introduction of a metabolic activation system. These results indicate that ingesting C. indicum flower oil produces no acute oral toxicity, bone marrow micronucleus, and bacterial reverse mutation.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.366-372
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• 2023

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity of a recently developed no-pain pharmacopuncture (NPP) targeting muscle relaxation and analgesia using the micronucleus test. Methods: To evaluate the potential of NPP extracts to induce micronuclei in rat bone marrow cells, a micronucleus test was performed using male Sprague-Dawley rats. The test substance NPP was administered intramuscularly at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mL/animal. Saline was used as the negative control and cyclophosphamide as the positive control. Results: No NPP treatment-related deaths or abnormal changes in general appearance were observed at any dose level during the experimental period. No statistically significant differences in body weight were observed in any of the NPP dose groups compared to the saline negative control group. NPP did not cause a significant increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) and PCEs or in the ratio of PCE-to-total erythrocytes. Conclusion: The NPP extract did not exhibit genotoxic in Sprague-Dawley rat bone marrow cells under the conditions of this study. Further toxicity studies of the NPP extract are required.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2002

YHB216 is one of new recombinant human erythropoietins (rHu-EPO) developed by Yuhan Research Institute. The rHu-EPO products are widely being used for the treatment of various types of anemia. As a series of safety studies on YHB216, we performed the local irritation test (dermal & ocular application) in male New Zealand White rabbits and micronucleus test in male ICR mice. In the skin irritation test, 0.5 ml of YHB216 10,000 IU/ml solution was applied to the back skin of rabbits for 24 hours and sub-sequent observation was performed. There was no induced response after the treatment and the primary irritation index (P.I.I.) was‘0’. In the eye irritation test, 0.1 ml of YHB216 10,000 IU/mL solution was instilled into the conjunctiva of the eye. No treatment-related reaction was observed at the cornea, iris, and conjunctiva. In the micronucleus test, YHB216 was administered intravenously to male mice (6 mice per group) at dose levels of 0, 6,250, 12,500, and 25,000 IU/kg. Bone marrow cells were collected at 24 hours after the treatment. YHB216 treated groups showed no significant difference in the P/N (polychromatic erythrocyte/ normochromatic erythrocyte) ratio and in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte com-pared with the control. In conclusion, YHB216 was found to be a non-irritating material up to 10,000 IU/ml in the local irritation test and to be a non-mutagen up to 25,000 IU/kg in the micronucleus test.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.191-197
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• 2013

To classify the chemical hazard according to globally harmonized system of classification and labeling of chemicals (GHS), we investigated the genotoxicity of three chemicals, methyl myristate, 2-ethylhexanoic acid zinc salt, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine, using male ICR mice bone marrow cells for the screening of micronucleus induction. Although these three chemicals have already been tested numerous times, a micronucleus test has not been conducted. The seven week-old male ICR mice were tested at three dosages for the three chemicals, respectively. After 24 h of oral administration with the three chemicals, the mice were sacrificed and their bone marrow cells were prepared for smearing slides. As a result of counting the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (MNPCE) of 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes, all treated groups expressed no statistically significant increase of MNPCE compared to the negative control group. There were no clinical signs related with the oral exposure of these three chemicals. It was concluded that these three chemicals did not induce micronucleus in the bone marrow cells of ICR mice, and there was no direct proportion with dosage. These results indicate that the three chemicals have no mutagenic potential under each test condition, and it is not classified these chemicals as mutagens by GHS.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.5 s.86
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• pp.411-414
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• 2005

Clean Natural is a new disinfectant of which main components are propolis and wood vinegar from Quercus mongolica. The mutagenicity of Clean Natural was studied by a micronucleus test in male ICR mice. The maximally tolerated dose (MTI) of Clean Natural was determined to >2.0 g/kg body weight. Therefore, the doses adopted for the micronucleus test was 2.0 g/kg as a high dose, 1.0 g/kg as a medium and 0.5 g/kg as a low of dose, respectively. Each of group was consisted of three doses of Clean Natural, positive control 2 mg/kg of mitomycin C and negative control 20 ml/kg of saline. A slide preparation was made at 24 hours following administration. No significant induction of micronuclei was observed in any of the three doses of Clean Natural orally administered. No cytotoxicity such as inhibition of hemopoiesis was observed in any group of test agent as the rate of polychromatic erythrocytes to total erythrocytes was over 40%. These results indicate that Clean Natural is not capable of inducing micronuclei in vivo mouse cells and thus has no genotoxicity in micronucleus test.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.369-374
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• 2002

The present study was performed to validate an automated image analysis system (Loats Automated Micronucleus Scoring System) for the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay, comparing with conventional microscopic scoring. Two studies were conducted to provide slides for a comparison of micro-nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) values collected manually to those collected by the auto-mated system. Test article A was used as an example of a compound negative for the induction of micronuclei and test article B was wed as a micronucleus-inducing agent to elicit a positive response. Cyclophosphamide was included to provide an positive control in two studies. Bone marrow samples were collected 24 h after administration of test article A and B in male ICR mice. The cells were fixed with absolute methanol and stained with May-Grunwald and Giemsa. The number of MNPCEs was determined by the analysis of 1000 total PCEs per bone marrow sample. In addition to micronucleus scoring, an index of bone marrow toxicity based on PCE ratio (% of PCEs to total erythrocytes) was determined for each sample. The automated and manual scoring was similar when the MNPCEs incidence induced by each test article was less than 10. However manual scoring was able to effectively enumerate micronucleated PCEs in mouse bone marrow when MNPCEs incidence was more than 10, such as cyclophosphamide treatment. Conversely, PCE ratio was superior in computer-assisted image analysis. Taken together, it is suggested that improvement of the automated image analysis may be necessary to render the automatic scoring as sensitive as manual scoring for routine counting of micronuclei, especially because it is superior in objectivity and high throughput scoring.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.225-230
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the radiation dose-response of micronucleus frequencies in Tradescantia pollen mother cells. The number of micronuclei increased in the tetrads as a result of chromosome deletion after irradiation. The maximal frequency of micronuclei showed a good dose-response relationship in the range of dose $0{\sim}50$ cGy. On the basis of the relationship, a dose of 1 cGy results maximally in two additional micronuclei in 100 tetrads. The radiation dose-response relationship of micronucleus occurrence is prerequisite to biological monitoring of radiations. The micronucleus assay can be applied to biological risk assessment of environmental toxicants, and to integrity test of water or soils of interest.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.239-243
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• 1996

DW-116 {(1-(5-fluoro-2-pyridyl)-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride) is a new quinolone antibiotic with a broad antibacterial spectrum against G(+) and G(-) bacteria. DW-116 was evaluated for the appearance of micronucleus in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) of mouse bone marrow cells after intraperitoneal and oral single administration. We prepared the bone marrow cells at 30hr after drug administration and they were used for measuring PCE with micronucleus. The results showed there was no statistically significant increase in the numbers of PCEs with micronucleus in all DW-116 administered groups compared with a negative control group. The results also showed that the ratio of normochromatic erythrocytes(NCEs) to PCEs of all DW-116 administered groups was not significantly different from that of a negative control group. These results suggested that DW-116 may not cause any chromosomal damage and it has no in vivo mutagenic potential under these experimental conditions.