• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1575-1584
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• 2022

Objective: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with sunflower meal (SFM) with added exogenous multienzymes (MEs) on various biological parameters in broilers. Methods: One week-old, 400 broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatments (control, 3SFM, 6SFM, and 9SFM) with 5 replicates/treatment (20 chicks/replicate). Control diet was without SFM and MEs, while diets of 3SFM, 6SFM, and 9SFM treatments were prepared by replacing SBM with SFM at levels of 3%, 6%, and 9%, respectively, and were supplemented with MEs (100 mg/kg). Feeding trial was divided into grower (8 to 21 day) and finisher phases (22 to 35 day). External marker method was used to measure the nutrient digestibility. At the end of trial, twenty birds (one birds per replicate) with similar body weight were slaughtered for samples collection. Results: No significant effect of dietary treatments was found on all parameters of growth performance and carcass characteristics, except relative weight of bursa. Weight (25.0 g) and length (15.80 cm) of duodenum were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM than control. Lowest (p<0.05) villus height/crypt depth ratio was found in 3SFM and 9SFM than control. Most of meat quality parameters remained unaffected, however, highest pH of breast meat (6.16) and thigh meat (6.44) were observed in 9SFM and 3SFM, respectively. Lowest (p<0.05) cook loss of thigh meat was found in 6SFM (31.76%). Ileal digestibility of crude protein was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM (72.35%) than control (69.46%). In addition, amylase (16.87 U/mg) and protease (85.18 U/mg) activities were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM than control. However, cecal microbial count remained unaffected. Conclusion: Partial replacement (up to 9%) of SBM with SFM, with added MEs can help to improve the nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities without affecting cecal microbial count and growth performance in broilers.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.110-116
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• 2012

누룩은 탁주와 약주의 제조를 위한 당화효소와 알코올발효를 위한 미생물의 공급원으로서 제품의 맛과 품질을 결정하는 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 산성누룩의 세균과 진균의 다양성을 조사하기 위해 순수분리 종과 16S 및 28S rRNA gene를 대상으로 한 PCR-DGGE를 이용한 분석을 수행하였다. 누룩 내 세균의 수는 $2.7{\times}10^9$ CFU/g이었으며 순수분리와 PCR-DGGE 분석에서 우점종은 Kocuria spp., Pantoea spp., Lactobacillus spp., Pediococcous spp., Weissella spp., Staphylococcus spp. 그 외 endophytic bacterium, uncultured gamma-proteobacteria, uncultured Cyanobacteria와 Actinobacteria였다. PCR-DGGE profile에서 주된 우점종은 Pediococcous pentosaceus와 uncultured Cyanobacteria 이었다. 누룩 내 진균의 수는 $3.5{\times}10^8$ CFU/g이었으며 순수분리와 PCR-DGGE 분석에서 우점종은 Trichomonascus spp., Pichia spp., Torulaspora spp., Wickerhamomyces spp., Sacharomycopsis spp., Lichtheimia spp., Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp., Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp.였다. PCR-DGGE profile에서 주된 우점종은 Pichia kudriavzevii와 Aspergillus oryzae이었다. PCR-DGGE 기술은 본 연구에서 누룩의 미생물군집을 평가하기 위해 처음으로 사용되었으며 미생물 다양성을 설명하는 데 효과적임을 입증하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.114-119
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• 2019

기존 대비 염함량을 50% 내외 감량한 염도 4-6%의 저염 오징어 및 명란 젓갈의 미생물 안전성을 확보하기 위해 상업적 항균제 7종의 적용 실험을 진행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 저염 젓갈 내 자생하고 있는 균총을 살펴본 결과 간균인 Lactobacillus sp.와 구균인 Streptococcus sp., Pediococcus sp., Luconostoc sp. 등의 젖산균이 80%를 차지하는 우점균으로 나타났으며, 오징어 젓갈에는 yeast가 명란젓에는 fungi가 추가로 관찰되었다. 젖산균 계통의 미생물의 살균 및 생육억제에 효과가 있다고 알려진 5종의 상업적 항균제를 저염 오징어 젓갈 중량 대비 0.5%(w/w)를 조미배합 과정에서 첨가, 혼합하여 총균수의 변화를 고찰한 결과 글리신이 94.20%, 폴리라이신이 92.78%의 살균률을 보여 $10^1CFU/g$ 내외의 감균 효과를 나타내었으며, 저염 명란 젓갈에서도 0.5% (w/w) 글리신이 90.87%의 살균률을 나타내었다. 저염 젓갈의 균 제어에 효과적인 글리신은 조미료로도 많이 사용되는 아미노산 계통의 항균성분으로 그람 음성균 및 양성균 모두에 대해 살균효과를 가지고 있으며, 특히 유기산과 병용 사용 시 감균 및 생육 억제에 있어 효과적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 저염 오징어 젓갈에 0.5% (w/w)의 글리신을 혼합 후 저장기간별로 총균수의 변화를 고찰한 결과 $10^{\circ}C$의 냉장조건에서 21일 경과 후에도 90%의 살균률이 유지되어 $10^1CFU/g$의 감균 효과가 지속되었으며, 저염 명란 젓갈의 경우에도 저장시 97%의 살균효과가 지속되어 무처리구 대비 $10^2CFU/g$ 내외 감소하였다. 따라서 글리신은 다양한 수산물을 원료로 사용한 저염 젓갈의 균 제어에 활용할 수 있는 효과적인 상업적 항균제로 판명되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.278-284
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• 2004

Changes in the soil bacterial community of a coniferous forest were analyzed to assess microbial responses to wildfire. Soil samples were collected from three different depths in lightly and severely burned areas, as well as a nearby unburned control area. Direct bacterial counts ranged from $3.3­22.6\times10^8\;cells/(g{\cdot}soil).$ In surface soil, direct bacterial counts of unburned soil exhibited a great degree of fluctuation. Those in lightly burned soil changed less, but no significant variation was observed in the severely burned soil. The fluctuations of direct bacterial count were less in the middle and deep soil lay­ers. The structure of the bacterial community was analyzed via the fluorescent in situ hybridization method. The number of bacteria detected with the eubacteria-targeted probe out of the direct bacterial count varied from $30.3\;to\;84.7\%,$ and these ratios were generally higher in the burned soils than in the unburned control soils. In the surface unburned soil, the ratios of $\alpha,\;\beta\;and\;gamma-proteobacteria,$ Cytoph­aga-Flavobacterium group, and other eubacteria groups to total eubacteria were 9.9, 10.6, 15.5, 9.0, and $55.0\%,$ respectively, and these ratios were relatively stable. The ratios of $\alpha,\;\beta\;and\;gamma-proteobacteria,$ and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group to total eubacteria increased immediately after the wildfire, and the other eubacterial proportions decreased in the surface and middle layer soils. By way of contrast, the composition of the 5 groups of eubacteria in the subsurface soil exhibited no significant fluctuations dur­ing the entire period. The total bacterial population and bacterial community structure disturbed by wildfire soon began to recover, and original levels seemed to be restored 3 months after the wildfire.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2003

본 실험에서는 가공 두부를 천연항균소재인 자몽종자추출 물의 유도체에 침지 처리한 후 꺼내어 상온에서 저장하면서 가공 두부의 품질(총균수, 수분 함량, 조지방의 함량, 조단백의 함량, 표면색도)변화에 미치는 영향을 무처리 대조구와 비교하면서 조사하였다. 천연항균소재의 희석액에 침지처리한 가공두부는 대조구에 비하여 수분함량, 조단백 및 조지방 함량이 높게 나타났으며, 총균수는 천연항균소재 처리구의 증가폭이 무처리 대조구에 비해 감소하는 경향으로 나타났으며 대장균수도 압도적으로 낮은 간을 보여 주었다. 아울러, 처리구의 표면색도는 대조구에 비하여 백색도를 두드러지게 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼 때, 천연항균소재의 침지처리는 가공두부의 선도유지 기간을 연장할 수 있는 효과를 기대할 수 있었다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제37권4호통권109호
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• pp.406-410
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• 2004

2000년 두 댐 저수지와 유입 하천에서 월별 alkaline phosphatase activity (APA)을 측정하였다. 또한 2001년 여름 동안은 한 댐 저수지에서 APA의 수직변화와 관련된 요인들을 조사하였다. APA는 여름 동안 저수지 표층에서 상대적으로 높게 나타났으나 심층에서는 거의 변화가 없었다. 그러나 바닥층 바로 윗부분에서는 APA의 미미한 증가 관찰되었다. APA변화와 용존무기인 농도 변화와는 상관관계가 없었으며, 이 결과 조사 대상 저수지에서 APA는 인 이용성의 상태를 의미하지는 않는 것으로 추정되었다. 시료의 size-fractionation 분석 결과, 조사 대상 저수지들에서 APA는 $0.4{\mu}m$보다 큰 입자들에 흡착된 반면, 유입 하천에서는 용존형태로 존재하는 것으로 판단되었다. 저수지 유광층에서 엽록소-a의 농도와 APA간에 유의한 양의 상관성이 나타났다. 무광층에서 APA는 세균의 colony count와 양의 상관성을 나타냈으나 총 세균수와는 상관성이 없었다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.89-95
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• 1991

김치발효 중에 주로 나타나는 Lac. plantarum, Leu. mesenteoides, Ped. acidilactici, Lac. brevis 등의 젖산균들이 김치발효에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자, 이 젖산균들을 순수 배양하여 염도 2.31%의 김치즙에 접종한 후 $30^{\circ}C$, $21^{\circ}C$, $7^{\circ}C$에서 발효시키면서 알코올 당의 변화 및 생균수의 변화를 관찰하고 관능검사를 하였다. Ethyl alcohol은 control group과 Leu. mesenteoides를 접종한 시료, 4종의 젖산균을 혼합 접종한 시료에서 검출되었으며 특히 $14^{\circ}C$에서 더 많은 양이 검출되었다. 당은 발효가 진행됨에 따라 감소하였고, 감소 정도는 pH 및 총산도의 변화와 잘 일치하였다. 총 생균수는 발효초기에는 증가하다가 서서히 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 control group과 Leu. mesenteroides에 있어서 김치가 적당히 익은 정도의 pH및 산도를 보이는 시기와 최고의 균수에 도달하는 시기가 일치하였다. 관능검사 결과 모든 온도에서 Control group이 냄새와 맛이 가장 좋았고 그 다음 4종의 젖산균을 혼합접종한 시료 Leu. mesentenoides를 접종한 시료의 순으로 나타났으며, 온도에 있어서는 $14^{\circ}C$에서 맛과 냄새가 좋았다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.429-435
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• 2011

The demand of packaged baby leaves has been increased for its convenient use as fresh-cut produce. This investigation was aimed to explore the effects of different sanitizers on the quality parameters of 'Tah Tasai' Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris var. narinosa) baby leaves. Thirteen days old baby leaves were harvested and washed in tap water (TW), 100 ppm chlorine solution (Cl), 2 ppm ozonated water ($O_3$), 15 ppm chlorine dioxide solution ($ClO_2$) and washing with 0.2% citric acid solution followed by 50% ethanol spray (CA+Et). The samples were then packaged in 50 ${\mu}m$ polyethylene bags and stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. Off-odor of packaged baby leaves was not detected during storage. There was no significant difference in color parameters among the treatments. Samples treated with $O_3$ showed substantially higher electrolyte leakage throughout the storage. This treatment also rendered a higher accumulation of $CO_2$ in the packages. Samples treated with Cl and CA+Et maintained good overall visual quality with higher scores compared to that of $O_3$ and $ClO_2$. Although Cl treatment showed lower number of total aerobic count at the beginning of storage, citric acid in combination with ethanol treatment was more effective until the end of storage. The combined treatment also showed comparatively lower coliform plate count. This result indicates that citric acid wash followed by ethanol spray could be an alternative to chlorine for environment friendly sanitization of baby leaves.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.934-940
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• 1998

Kochujang, fermented hot pepper soybean paste, was prepared by traditional method, and irradiated with gamma ray of $^{60}Co{\;}up{\;}to{\;}15{\pm}1.5{\;}kGy$ for confirming main factor of kochujang fermentation. Nonirradiated (control) and irradiated samples kochujang were fermented at $25^{\circ}C$ and analyzed biochemical properties including enzyme activities and viable cell count during fermentation for 60 days. The total viable count in irradiated kochujang decreased to $10^4{\;}CFU/g$ which was $10^8{\;}CFU/g$ in the control. Because of a little changing enzyme activities of ${\alpha}{\cdot}{\beta}{\;}amylase$ and acid neutral protease by irradiation at the above level, amino type nitrogen which is the main quality reference of kochujang was comparable to the control. By irradiation, gas production was completely stopped which is one of biggest problems during distribution of kochujang. Total volume of gas produced at $25^{\circ}C$ from the control kochujang was 453 mL/100 g which was composed of over 90% of $CO_2$. The odor of irradiated kochujang was inferior to the control which seemed to be related to reduced microbial populations.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.1078-1094
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• 2021

This research investigated the physio-chemical and microbial quality characteristics of dry fermented sausage from selected Pediococcus strains: P. acidiliactici (PE1) and P. pentosaceus (PE2) as compared to commercial starter culture (COS) during fermentation and ripening. Treatments showed no substantial variation (p<0.05) in water activity (a_w) values across the study period. PE1 and PE2 treatments exhibited similar (p>0.05) pH values and presented remarkable (p<0.05) lower volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) and thiobarbituric acid reactive (TBARS) content than COS treatment throughout the ripening period. However, the pH values in COS batch were considerably lower than others. PE1 samples presented a significant highest (p<0.05) counts both in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and total plate count (TPC) than COS and PE2 treatments at 7 days fermentation, and it resulted in a similar and higher TPC count as COS after the ripening period. After the ripening process, treatments are ordered based on LAB counts as follows: COS>PE1>PE2. All batches presented similar redness and yellowness attributes since the 7 days of fermentation and in lightness across the study period. Treatments were similar (p>0.05) in springiness and chewiness traits across the study period and in hardness characteristics in the ripened products. Cohesiveness was higher in PE1 and COS batches. No variation (p>0.05) in aroma and sourness sensory attributes of treatments. The color attribute was highest (p<0.05) in PE1 and PE2 treatments and PE1 had the highest overall acceptability. The overall outstanding merit exhibited by PE1 can be utilized in the commercial production of high-quality dry fermented sausage.