• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.564-568
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• 2008

The prevalence of obesity in Korean children is estimated to be around 10%, and has increased significantly over the past 20 years. Metabolic syndrome, which includes central obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, is a well documented risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but there is no general consensus concerning its definition for children. In this study, ablut 30-40% of overweight or obese children had metabolic syndrome compared to less than 10% in the general population. Dyslipidemia was the most common component and hyperglycemia was the least common component of metabolic syndrome. If the prevalence of childhood obesity continues to increase, it is highly likely that the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome will also increase. These findings emphasize the importance of preventing obesity in addition to the diagnosis and management of metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.68-74
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to provide an academic basis regarding the necessity of managing depression and stress among metabolic syndrome patients by understanding 5 components of metabolic syndrome, perceived stress, and degree of depression, and by investigating their association using the national nutrition survey reference. This study was conducted by using mental health surveys and health screening test data of the 5th (2010~2012) primitive data of the national health and nutrition survey. A total of 19,599 respondents over 19 years of age were selected for the final analysis. The level of depression and stress was set as the dependent variable to identify its connection with 5 components of the metabolic syndrome. For the stress recognition, none of the metabolic syndrome components showed a significant correlation. For experiencing the depression symptom, the fasting glucose among the factors showed a significant correlation (p<0.05) among the metabolic syndrome factors. When it falls within the criteria of fasting glucose of metabolic syndrome, it has a great probability of falling under the group who experienced greater depression symptoms. As a result of the analysis by controlling cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease which is tightly related with metabolic syndrome and depression, this study observed that glucose out of 5 metabolic syndrome components is related with depression.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.261-269
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and diagnostic components in adult women. Methods: The subjects of this study were 12,016 women that were aged twenty years or older and underwent an annual health check-up for National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) from 2009 to 2013. Data including blood pressure, waist circumstance, fasting glucose, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were received from the NHIS. This data was analyzed through the use of descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$-test, and multiple logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and diagnostic components increased with age. In the five diagnostic components of the metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of low HDL-C was highest in 20s to 40s. The prevalence of high blood pressure was highest in the people aged fifty or older. The risk of metabolic syndrome in 2013 was higher in women with abnormal diagnostic component of metabolic syndrome in 2009 and highest in women with abnormal waist circumstance in 2009. Conclusion: There was a need to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome components according to age. Education on metabolic syndrome was required for those that had one or two abnormal diagnostic components. The risk of abdominal obesity related to metabolic syndrome needs to be emphasized. Moreover the education for management of abdominal obesity also needs to be emphasised.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.178-186
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• 2020

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease in Korean adults. Methods: This study analyzed the screening data of 12,686 adults aged ≥19 years, including demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and each component of metabolic syndrome, obtained from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. Periodontal health status was measured by the community periodontal index. Subjects with three or more risk factors were considered as having metabolic syndrome. The Rao-Scott chi-square test was performed to assess the relationships between demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, components of metabolic syndrome, and periodontal disease. Logistic regression analysis was performed based on the complex sample to evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease. Results: The prevalence of periodontal disease was higher among the subjects with advancing age, lower average household income and education level, those working in production, residents of eup-myeon areas, in past or current smoker, those with excessive alcohol consumption habit in a week, and reduced brushing frequency and the use of oral care products (p<0.001). Each component of metabolic syndrome was associated with higher prevalence of periodontitis in the subjects with abnormal than in those with normal levels (p<0.001). The prevalence of periodontal disease in subjects with metabolic syndrome was approximately 1.443 times higher than that in normal subjects (odds ratio,1.443; p<0.001). Conclusion: This study confirmed the association between metabolic syndrome and periodontitis in Korean adults, and further studies will be needed to determine the causal relationship between the two conditions.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 2022

Inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) are a large group of rare disorders affecting normal biochemical pathways. The ophthalmic involvement can be very varied affecting any part of the eye, including abnormalities of cornea, lens dislocation and cataracts, retina and the optic nerve, and extraocular muscles. Eye disorders can be initial symptoms of some IMD and can be clue for diagnosis of IMD. However, eye disorders can evolve later in the natural history of an already diagnosed metabolic disorder. Awareness of IMDs is important to facilitate early diagnosis and in some cases instigate early treatment if a patient presents with eye involvement suggestive of a metabolic disorder. Ophthalmological interventions are also an important component of the multisystem holistic approach to treating patients with metabolic disorders.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.101-109
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• 1984

The influences of acute respiratory and metabolic acid-base disturbances on the carotid, renal and coronary blood flow were measured in dogs. Respiratory acidosis was induced by artificial respiration with 8% CO2 -02 gas mixture and respiratory alkalosis was induced by hyperventilation under the control of respirator. Metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis were induced by intravenous infusion of 0.3N hydrochloric acid and 0.6M sodium bicarbonate solution. To observe the effect of hyperkalemia, isotonic potassium chloride solution was infused. CVI electromagnetic flowmeter probes were placed on the left common carotid artery, left renal artery and left circumflex coronary artery. Each flow was recorded on polygraph. 1. The carotid blood flow showed rapid showed rapid and marked increase in acute respiratory acidosis. Even in the cases when arterial blood pressure was lowered during the state of respiratory acidosis, carotid blood flow increased. By the infusion of hydrochloric acid, carotid blood flow increased slowly and returned to the previous label after discontinuation of the infusion. Carotid blood flow also increased by the infusion of large amount of sodium bicarbonate, but it might be the combined effect of expansion of extracellular fluid and compensatory elevation of carbon dioxide tension. 2.The renal blood flow remained unchanged during the acute acid-base disturbances, suggesting effective autoregulation. Renal blood flow, however, increased very slowly when the infusion of potassium chloride continued for a long period. 3.Although less marked than the carotid blood flow, the coronary blood flow increased in the acute respiratory and metabolic acidosis. In asphyxiated condition, coronary blood flow increased most markedly and this might be the combined effect of hypoxia, hypercapnea, and lowering of pH. In summary, the carotid blowflow showed more marked change in the acute respiratory and metabolic acidosis than the renal and coronary blood flow. Respiratory and metabolic components of acid-base disturbances may influence the local blood flow concomitantly, there being more differences in the individual responses, but respiratory component manifested more rapid and marked effect than metabolic component.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1301-1305
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• 2009

The evolution of living organisms occurs via a combination of highly complicated processes that involve modification of various features such as appearance, metabolism and sensing systems. To understand the evolution of life, it is necessary to understand how each biological feature has been optimized in response to new environmental conditions and interrelated with other features through evolution. To accomplish this, we constructed contents-based trees for a two-component system (TCS) and metabolic network to determine how the environmental communication mechanism and the intracellular metabolism have evolved, respectively. We then conducted a comparative analysis of the two trees using ARACNE to evaluate the evolutionary and functional relationship between TCS and metabolism. The results showed that such integrated analysis can give new insight into the study of bacterial evolution.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.425-434
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• 2018

Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes. This study was conducted to examine the relevance between nutrition intake, meal quality, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Koreans with metabolic syndrome. The 2,536 subjects, aged 19~64, who participated in 2015 National Nutrition Survey were included in this study. The 24-hour recall method was employed to analyze nutrition intake and dietary quality. Subjects were grouped into either the non-metabolic syndrome group (n=1,938) or the metabolic syndrome group (n=598). Total males and females were divided into 3 groups according to the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level to study its relationship to metabolic syndrome and its components, including odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI). Results showed the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value was higher in the metabolic syndrome group (3.37) than non-metabolic syndrome group (1.57) (p<0.001). In the Index of Nutrition Quality, males in the non-metabolic syndrome group showed higher niacin (p<0.05) than males in metabolic syndrome group. Females in the non-metabolic syndrome group had higher vitamin $B_1$ (p<0.01), vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.001), niacin (p<0.05), calcium (p<0.001), and phosphate (p<0.01). Female in the high hs-CRP group showed high OR in blood glucose component (OR 2.488, 95% CI: 1.269~4.879) and metabolic syndrome risk (OR 2.856, 95% CI: 1.292~6.314). Females in the middle hs-CRP group had high triglycerides component (OR 2.956, 95% CI: 1.920~4.551), compared to the low hs-CRP group. The study showed females with higher hs-CRP had a higher risk of metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.268-276
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• 2019

Purpose: Metabolic syndrome causes diabetes and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study examined the correlation between metabolic syndrome, nutrition intake, and triglyceride (TG)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio. Methods: Using the data from the $7^{th}$ KNHANES (2016), this study was conducted on healthy adults aged 19 and older. The components and existence of metabolic syndrome and nutrition intake were independent variables and the TG/HDLcholesterol ratio was a dependent variable. A complex sample logistic progress test was used with age, sex, smoking, and drinking frequency corrected. Results: The TG/HDLcholesterol ratio of people with metabolic syndrome was as high as 1.314 on average, compared to people without metabolic syndrome (p < 0.0001). Among each component of metabolic syndrome, the TG/HDL cholesterol ratio had a significant association with fasting blood glucose, TG, HDL cholesterol, and waist circumference (p < 0.05). Only energy and carbohydrate intake were significantly related to the TG/HDLcholesterol ratio (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The TG/HDLcholesterol ratio is associated with each component of metabolic syndrome, but in particular, it is positively correlated with the presence of metabolic syndrome. Lower energy intakehad a positive correlation with the TG/HDLcholesterol ratio. These results show that metabolic syndrome can be predicted using the TG/HDLcholesterol ratio, and a diet strategy through nutrition and health education is necessary to prevent metabolic syndrome.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2023

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) involves multi-factorial conditions linked to an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Pre-metabolic syndrome (pre-MetS) possesses two MetS components but does not meet the MetS diagnostic criteria. Although cardiac autonomic derangements are evident in MetS, there is little information on their status in pre-MetS subjects. In this study, we sought to examine cardiac autonomic functions in pre-MetS and to determine which MetS component is more responsible for impaired cardiac autonomic functions. A total of 182 subjects were recruited and divided into healthy controls (n=89) and pre-MetS subjects (n=93) based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. We performed biochemical profiles on fasting blood samples to detect pre-MetS. Using standardized protocols, we evaluated anthropometric data, body composition, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), heart rate variability (HRV), and autonomic function tests (AFTs). We further examined these parameters in pre-MetS subjects for each MetS component. Compared to healthy controls, we observed a significant cardiac autonomic dysfunction (CAD) through reduced BRS, lower overall HRV, and altered AFT parameters in pre-MetS subjects, accompanied by markedly varied anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters. Furthermore, all examined BRS, HRV, and AFT parameters exhibited an abnormal trend and significant correlation toward hyperglycemia. This study demonstrates CAD in pre-MetS subjects with reduced BRS, lower overall HRV, and altered AFT parameters. Hyperglycemia was considered an independent determinant of alterations in all the examined BRS, HRV, and AFT parameters. Thus, hyperglycemia may contribute to CAD in pre-MetS subjects before progressing to MetS.