• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.855-866
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• 2016

This study explored the concept and use of two kinds of textiles goods (Cheongpo [blue textile] and Samseung) sold by Cheongpo-jeon merchants in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. Research was conducted based on an analysis of relevant documents published during the Joseon Dynasty. The Cheongpo-jeon was a merchant group that predated 1637. They sold various imported goods such as Cheongpo, Samseung, cotton textiles, felts, hats, incense, and needles. Cheongpo and Samseung were the main products among these imported goods. Cheongpo was a blue cotton textile imported from China that was sold by Chengpo-jeon merchants. The Samseung sold by merchants was a kind of imported textile whose surface provided a feeling like cotton flannel. The concept of the two textiles were different from existing ideas. Generally, the Cheongpo was believed to be a hemp fabric dyed in blue and the Samseung was a textile with a density of three seung (a traditional density unit of textiles). Cheongpo was used as a currency for war supplies during the two Japanese invasions of Korea (1592 to 1598). In addition, it was also used to make military uniforms, tents, and flags after the Japanese invasion. Samseung was used in the combat uniforms of Chinese soldiers from Ming China during the Japanese invasion of Korea. In addition, it was continuously used to make quilted gambeson amour and some of military uniforms until the $19^{th}$ century.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.75-88
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• 2013

This study aims at reviewing satisfaction on facility modernization project of traditional market by case study on integration & move method of 2 markets (Seongbuk 5 day market & Geumgye daily market). Following this study, it asked 182 merchants & customers at Naju Moksagoeul Market about satisfaction and performance on integration & move and the facility modernization project of traditional markets. According to results of the survey, not only merchants but also customers are satisfied with the modernization project. But in detail, valuations between 5 days market and daily market, and between merchants and customers are different. For example, merchants regard as negative, but customers as positive about move of the markets from city to outside. About half of respondents answer that number of market visits and sales volume after move of the markets are higher than before. More than 80% of respondents answer that culture & tourism market programs are helpful to the market revitalization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• 제60권9호
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• pp.77-94
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• 2010

It was the era, from 1876 to 1910, that some dramatic changes, including an influx of foreign dyes and the beginning of the modern dyeing manufacture, happened in Korea. This paper explores what dyes were sold in the market in this period, who was the main seller of the goods, and how the dyers produced their products. A wide range of natural dye stuffs coexisted with the various kinds of aniline dyes, alizarin dye and synthetic indigo in the market. Coloring materials had been sold by hwapi-jeon, a group of official merchants who acquired a privilege of monopoly from the government. However, the dyes were also traded by sang-jeon and yakguk merchants in the nineteenth century. Most of the synthetic dyes sold in Korea were produced in Germany or in Japan later, and imported in large amount by Chinese, Japanese and German merchants. Yet there also existed Korean merchants and peddlers who sold the goods to the local consumers. Dyers were male and female who belonged to the middle class. They received the orders and payments from the government or merchants. Not only did they dye textiles, threads, cotton, paper and leather, but they also redyed clothes. Indigo dyers were differentiated from other dyers. Modern dyeing manufacture, which was presumably forced to keep pace with the productivity of the weaving process, appeared in the 1900s. It was a branch of the modern weaving manufacture.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.355-367
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aims to identify factors influencing the health-related quality of life among women merchants at traditional markets. Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional descriptive study included 121 women merchants. Data were collected from May 01 to June 30, 2019 using the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), psychosocial well-being index-short form (PWI-SF), subjective health status, and HRQoL. Selected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression by applying the SPSS/WIN program 22.0. Results: The HRQoL was significantly different by age (F=5.87, p=.001), education (F=2.98, p=.022), working period (F=4.70, p=.004), exercise (t=2.20, p=.030), chronic disease (t=-2.57, p=.011), BMI (F=5.04, p=.008), depression (F=4.70, p=.004), stress (F=7.82, p<.001), and subjective health status (F=7.91, p=.001). Factors influencing the HRQoL for women merchants included BMI (β=-.35, p<.001), subjective health status (β=.33, p<.001), and stress (β=-.18, p=.021). The explanation power of this regression model was 29.8% (F=5.51, p<.021). Conclusion: BMI, subjective health status, and stress affect the HRQoL of the subjects evaluated. Therefore, there is a need for health management programs that may decrease stress, control the BMI, and improve the subjective health status of women merchants at traditional markets.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.317-326
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• 2021

This study aims to examine the factors that affect the intention of merchants to adopt mobile payments in Saudi Arabia. The underlying model used in the study is the technology acceptance model, which includes two factors: perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. The effects of trust, cost, and compatibility are also examined because these are among the common factors used based on the literature. An online questionnaire was completed by 242 merchants in Saudi Arabia who had already adopted mobile payment services. A significant relationship was identified between perceived usefulness and compatibility in terms of merchants' intention to adopt mobile payment systems, while an insignificant relationship was identified with perceived ease of use, trust, and cost.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in the general commercial area of Buyeo after the establishment of the master plan to preserve and promote ancient city and to analyze the survey results of the merchants. After the plan was made, there was a positive effect such as a decrease in population decline and the influx of new merchants. There are many people who want to continue to operate with affection for the region, but it seems that it is necessary to prepare a plan for new merchants to settle well and to take countermeasures for relieving the anxiety of existing merchants.

• Korean Business Review
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• 제17권
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• pp.153-183
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• 2004

The Gaisong Merchants can be regarded to playa pioneering role to activate the Korea's trade with foreign countries. In the early period of Yi-Dynasty, the Gaisong Merchants focused on personal trade, but in the middle period of Yi-Dynasty, they entered to the realm of governmental trade. Furthermore, their business activities widened to various forms of trades, for example, smuggling. Utilizing accumulated capital, Gaisong merchants expanded their trading activities to their neighboring countries such as Japan and China. In recent times, it is necessary for modem Korean companies to diversify risks through the establishment of corporations for production, marketing and R&D abroad or through joint venture, M&A and strategic alliance with foreign companies in order to reduce the risks originated from volatile economic and political situations. In this study, we utilize tools of comparative study to compare Gaisong Merchants' foreign trade strategies with those of modem companies such as AMOREPACIFIC, HANILCEMENT and SHINDORICO. The purpose of the paper is to test the hypothesis that modem Korean companies grew up by following the cases of Gaisong Merchants' business activities. We summarize our main findings as follows. First, both Gaisong Merchants and modem Korean companies have common functional core capability in the field of marketing, manufacturing technology, R&D, and human resources development. Second, both Gaisong Merchants and modem Korean companies have common organizational core capability. Third, both Gaisong Merchants and modem Korean companies have common infrastructures such as planning, finance, accounting and MIS. It constitutes the infrastructure of Korea's foreign trade sector. Fourth, both Gaisong Merchants and modem companies have common organizational culture in the field of management policy and philosophy. Actually, those factors are evaluated to be driving forces of Koera's success in foreign trade. In conclusion, the business activities of Gaisong Merchants who represented the peculiarity of Korean business spirit are partially inherited to current Korean business management. The value system and behavior pattern of modern Korean companies is succeeded from the spirit of Gaisong Merchants and it playa major role to specify the identity of Korean business administration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.101-105
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• 2007

The people who lived in Fujian district along the south-eastern coast of China long ago began to construct ships and go fishing. For this reason, they grasped sound navigation skills and gained rich navigation experience. These skills and experience laid basis for the following large-scale overseas trade. In the Tang dynasty, with the development of economy, the people who lived in Fujian district started to leave home town and engage in overseas trade. In the Song dynasty and the Yuan dynasty, with the fast development of overseas communication, more and more Fujian maritime merchants, navigating the Fujian ships which were safe, fast and could arrive at destination on time, engaged in overseas trade. The Fujian ships made it possible for the Fujian maritime merchants to shorten trade time, catch business opportunity, level up the chance of success in trade and make full use of capital. As a result of this, Fujian maritime merchants gained fast development and they reached far areas such as eastern Asia, south-eastern Asia, southern Asia, and eastern Africa. This study deals with the issues such as the reasons for the development of Fujian maritime merchants, the trade engaged in by Fujian maritime merchants, the Fujian ships which played a decisive role in the overseas trade of Fujian maritime merchants.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.341-357
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• 2006

Recently new periodic markets formed in large apartment areas where consumers live. Before, in the case of peasant periodic markets travelling merchants, consumers and producers met in specific places on decided dates. Closing time of apartment's new periodic markets is later than that of peasant periodic markets, and the number of travelling merchants is fewer than that of peasant periodic markets. The average number of apartment and household for a new periodic market is about ten and 920 respectively, and if neighboring apartment household are included, the number is larger. Apartment's new periodic markets in Cheongju city is included in Daejeon market area. The types of regional trip of travelling merchants can be divided into one round trip of two or three neighboring dongs and larger sphere of more than 4 dongs. The larger sphere round trip consists of one type combining the southeastern, southern and southwestern regions, and the other type combining southeastern and southwestern regions. About 85 percent of travelling merchants visit the periodic market 5 days in a week; about 12 percent of travelling merchants choose to visit on Saturday; only 2 percent of travelling merchants visit 4 days in a week.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.559-568
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• 2017

recent times, the monthly rent in the Jongno-gu Historical and Cultural Street in Seoul has rapidly increased, because of the presence of large-scale franchises and the entry of private investment into the traditional and local businesses focusing on Bukchon, Seochon, Insa-dong, and Samcheong-dong. As a result, the business environment for these merchants has worsened, due to the increasing economic burden. In order to maintain the business environment of the merchants, it is necessary to evaluate the potential for establishing a regional commercial area, in order to resolve the problems of the existing commercial areas and to improve the locational, economic, cultural and political environment. This study analyzed the factors influencing the merchants' satisfaction with the business environment as a function of their age, by considering three age groups, viz. 30-49, 50-59, and more than 60, considering the locational, economic, cultural and political environment of the merchants. Among the factors influencing the satisfaction with the business environment, the merchants in their 30s and 40s placed more emphasis on the traffic accessibility, floating population, store premium and monthly rent than the other age groups. Among the factors influencing the satisfaction with the business environment, the merchants in their 50s placed more emphasis on the cultural organization, artist activities, expansion of community support facilities, and banning of franchises in certain locations than the other age groups. Among the factors influencing the satisfaction with the business environment, the merchants over 60 years old placed more emphasis on the walking accessibility, monthly sales, merchant community, preservation of historical and cultural landscape, and commercial protection of the government than the other age groups.