• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.55-95
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• 2010

The meaning and application of 'lesion corporelle' in the context of a variety of mental or psychic injuries is less clear, while there is very little disagreement about its literal translation. U.S. Court decisions since Floyd allow recovery for a range of claims involving emotional injury under Article 17; in some cases there is no recovery, while in others there is full recovery, depending on the allegations and the nexus between the alleged injury and any related or accompanying physical injury. Courts are in agreement that pure emotional injury is not compensable under the Convention. Most courts agree that emotional injury is not compensable in those cases where it has resulted only in physical manifestations such as weight loss or sleeplessness. At the same time, most courts generally agree that emotional injury is compensable if it proximately flows from a physical injury. The issue as to whether the courts would associate PTSD with bodily injury as envisioned in the present Warsaw structure or even the new regime reflected in the Convention proposed by ICAO would largely depend on the extent to which courts would be ready to embrace the compelling scientific findings with regard to mental distress and its application within the term 'bodily injury'. Taken together, these points when the current under Article 17 of the Warsaw Convention, 'physical injury' notion of 'mental injury' is to be extended. Of course, the current terms of the Warsaw Convention have been maintaining a precedent for many countries appear to have a statue of the original purpose of the treaty does not contribute to the diffusion. Therefore, in future treaties 'bodily injury', the term 'injury', the term 'personal injury' or 'health undermined' the term should be replaced or revised.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2001

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference of psychometric analysis among patients with Post-traumatic organic mental disorder according to the lesion of MRI finding of traumatic brain injury. Methods : We divided 35 patients into 4 groups according to the lesion of MRI finding of brain injury. We evaluated the difference of the subscales of MMPI and K-WAIS among 4 groups with Post-traumatic organic mental disorder by ANOVA. Results : We found no significant difference of all subscales of MMPI and K -WAIS among 4 groups by ANOVA. Compared Rt hemispheric injury group with Lt hemispheric injury group by independent t-test, the depression scale in MMPI scored significantly higher in Lt hemispheric injury group, and the block design in K-WAIS scored significantly lower in Rt hemispheric injury group. Conclusion : This study suggests that Lt hemispheric injury be significantly related to depression, and Rt hemispheric injury be significantly related to visuospatial ability.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.204-212
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• 2007

1. Objectives The purpose of this case is to report that a Soeumin patient with cognitive disorder from traumatic head injury needed to be managed with the consideration of the difference of Nature and Emotion(性情). 2. Methods To evaluate the patient's cognition disorder and mental state, we performed the MMSE(Mini-Mental State Examination) and the MMPI(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory). and he was diagnosed as Soeumin and treated by Kwakhyangchungki-san(藿香正氣散) mainly. 3. Results and Conclusions (1) In this case, we observed specifically-biased Nature and Emotion(性情) of Soeumin like ‘恒欲處而不欲出’, ‘恒欲爲雌而不欲爲雄’, ‘喜別人之助己也’. ‘喜好不定’, ‘不安定之心’ (2) The management of Soeumin with cognitive disorder from traumatic head injury is that he or she should live together his or her family, and have an active manner with a generous and broad-minded mental attitude. (3) A therapist must give a patient mental support and inspire him or her with courage. (4) The deviation of Nature and Emotion(性情) should be taken into consideration when we manage the patient with cognitive disorder from traumatic head injury.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.200-207
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• 2008

Objectives : This study examined whether serious psychological distress (SPD) is associated with occupational injury among US employees. Methods : The employed population aged 18-64 years was examined (n=101,855) using data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2000-2003. SPD was measured using the Kessler 6-item Psychological Distress Scale (K-6), a screening scale designed to identify persons with serious mental illness. The predicted marginal prevalence of psychological distress and occupational injury with the adjusted odds ratio were estimated using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results : The age-adjusted 3-month prevalence of occupational injury was $0.80{\pm}0.12%$ in workers with SPD, which was 37% greater than in workers without SPD ($0.58{\pm}0.03%$). The odds of occupational injury in workers with SPD were higher compared to workers without SPD (OR=1.34, 95% CI=0.93-1.92), after controlling for sex, age, race, education, occupation, and activity limitation by at least one medical condition. Male, service and blue collar occupation, and activity limiation by co-morbidity showed significantly higher odds of occupational injury for workers with SPD. Conclusions : The findings suggest that SPD accounts for an increased likelihood of occupational injury among US employees. A further longitudinal study is needed to differentiate the mechanism or causal pathways linking individual injury risk at the workplace, SPD, and socioeconomic factors.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.250-257
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• 2001

Sensory dysfunction following the injury of the inferior alveolar nerve requires objective examination to get a reproducible data and to provide necessary treatment. This study was designed to evaluate if the SEP(somatosensory evoked potentials) of the mental nerve can be used as an objective method for the diagnosis of nerve injury and sensory disturbances. The subjects were nineteen patients ($37.4{\pm}11.3$ years old) who had been suffered from sensory disturbance of the unilateral lower lip and mental region for over 6 months after the inferior alveolar nerve injuries confirmed by the microsurgical explorations. The clinical neurosensory tests as SLTD(static light touch discrimination), MDD(moving direction discrimination), 2PD(two point discrimination), PPN(pin prick nociception) and accompanied pain were preceded to electro-physiologic examinations as SEP. The score of sensory dysfunction (sum score of all sensory tests) ranged from 0 to 8 were compared to the latency differences of the mental nerve SEPs. The correlation between clinical sensory scores and SEPs were tested by Spearman nonparametric rank correlation analysis, the differences in SEP latency by Kruskal-Wallis test and the latency differences according to PPN and accompanied pain by Mann-Whitney U test. This study resulted that the difference of the latencies between normal side and affected side was $2.22{\pm}2.46$ msec and correlated significantly with the neurosensory dysfunction scores (p=0.0001). Conclusively, the somatosensory evoked potentials of the mental nerve can be a useful diagnostic method to evaluate the inferior alveolar nerve injuries and the change of sensory dysfunction to be reproduced as an objective assessment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.144-166
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• 2013

Actoprotectors are preparations that increase the mental performance and enhance body stability against physical loads without increasing oxygen consumption. Actoprotectors are regarded as a subclass of adaptogens that hold a significant capacity to increase physical performance. The focus of this article is studying adaptogen herbs of genus Panax (P. ginseng in particular) and their capabilities as actoprotectors. Some animal experiments and human studies about actoprotective properties of genus Panax attest that P. ginseng (administered as an extract) significantly increased the physical and intellectual work capacities, and the data provided suggests that ginseng is a natural source of actoprotectors. Preparations of ginseng can be regarded as potential actoprotectors which give way to further research of its influence on physical and mental work capacity, endurance and restoration after exhaustive physical loads while compared with reference actoprotectors.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.354-360
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• 2022

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children. Survivors of severe TBI are more susceptible to functional deficits, resulting in disability, poor quality of life, cognitive decline, and mental health problems. Despite this, little is known about the pathophysiology of TBI in children and how to manage it most effectively. Internationally, efforts are being made to expand knowledge of pathophysiology and develop practical clinical treatment recommendations to improve outcomes. Here we discuss recently updated evidence and management of severe pediatric TBI.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.10
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• pp.1019-1025
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• 2006

Motor delay, when present, is usually the first concern brought by the parents of children with developmental delay. Cerebral palsy that is the most common motor delay, is a nonspecific, descriptive term pertaining to disordered motor function that is evident in early infancy and is characterized by changes in muscle tone, muscle weakness, involuntary movements, ataxia, or a combination of these abnormalities. A wide range of causative disorders and risk factors have been identified for cerebral palsy, and broadly classified into 5 groups; perinatal brain injury, brain injury related to prematurity, developmental abnormalities, prenatal risk factors, and postnatal brain injury. Delay in attaining developmental milestones is the most distinctive presenting complaint in children with cerebral palsy. A detailed history and thorough physical and neurologic examinations are crucial in the diagnostic process. The clinician should be cautious about diagnostic pronouncement unless the findings are unequivocal. Several serial examinations and history review are necessary. All children with cerebral palsy should undergo a neuroimaging study, preferably MRI, because an abnormality is documented on head MRI(89%) and CT(77%). The high incidence rates for mental retardation, epilepsy, ophthalmologic defects, speech and language disorders and hearing impairment make it imperative that all children with cerebral palsy be screened for mental retardation, ophthalmologic and hearing impairments, and speech and language disorders; nutrition, growth, and swallowing also should be closely monitored.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2024

Purpose: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent and is associated with protracted recovery and worse outcomes after injury. This study compared PTSD prevalence using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) with the prevalence of PTSD risk using the Injured Trauma Survivor Screen (ITSS). Methods: Adult trauma patients at a level I trauma center were screened with the PCL-5 (sample 1) at follow-up visits or using the ITSS as inpatients (sample 2). Results: Sample 1 (n=285) had significantly fewer patients with gunshot wounds than sample 2 (n=45) (8.1% vs. 22.2%, P=0.003), nonsignificantly fewer patients with a fall from a height (17.2% vs. 28.9%, P=0.06), and similar numbers of patients with motor vehicle collision (40.7% vs. 37.8%, P=0.07). Screening was performed at a mean of 154 days following injury for sample 1 versus 7.1 days in sample 2. The mean age of the patients in sample 1 was 45.4 years, and the mean age of those in sample 2 was 46.1 years. The two samples had similar proportions of female patients (38.2% vs. 40.0%, P=0.80). The positive screening rate was 18.9% in sample 1 and 40.0% in sample 2 (P=0.001). For specific mechanisms, the positive rates were as follows: motor vehicle collisions, 17.2% in sample 1 and 17.6% in sample 2 (P>0.999); fall from height, 12.2% in sample 1 and 30.8% in sample 2 (P=0.20); and gunshot wounds, 39.1% in sample 1 and 80.0% in sample 2 (P=0.06). Conclusions: The ITSS was obtained earlier than PCL-5 and may identify PTSD in more orthopedic trauma patients. Differences in the frequency of PTSD may also be related to the screening tool itself, or underlying patient risk factors, such as mechanism of injury, or mental or social health.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.652-672
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• 1996

Dysfunction of the inferior alveolar nerve may result from trauma, diseases or iatrogenic injury. The development and refinement of an objective method to evaluate this clinical problem is highly desirable and needed, especially concerning for an increasing medico-legal issue. Evoked potential techniques have attracted considerable attention as a means of assessing the function and integrity of nerve pathways. The purpose of this study was to characterize the Sensory Evoked Potentials(SEPs) and Somatosensory Evoked Potentials(SSEPs) elicited by electrical stimulation of mental nerve. SEPs and SSEPs were measured and analyzed statistically before and after needle injury on the inferior alveolar nerve of Sprague-Dawalye rats. Measuring SEPs was more sensitive in evaluation of the recovery of sensory function from inferior alveolar nerve injury then measuring SSEPs but we measured SSEPs in the hope of providing a safe, simple and objective test to check oral and facial sensibility, which is acceptable to the patient. We stimulated mental nerve after needle injury on the inferior alveolar nerve and SEPS on the level of mandibular foramen and SSEPs on the level of cerebral cortex were recorded. Threshold, amplitude, and latency of both of SEPs and SSEPs were analyzed. The results were as follows ; 1. Threshold of SEPs and SSEPs were $184{\pm}14{\mu}A$ and $164{\pm}14{\mu}A$ respectively. 2 SEPs were composed of 2 waves, i.e., N1 N2 in which N1 was conducted by II fibers and N2 was conducted by III fibers. 3. SSEPS were composed of 5 waves, of which N1 and N2 shower statistically significant changes(p<0.01, unpaired t-test). 4. SEPs and SSEPs were observed to be abolished immediately after local anesthesia and recovered 30 minutes later. 5. SEPs were abolished immediately after injury. N1 of SSEPs was abolished immediately and amplitued of N2 was decreased($20.7{\pm}12.2%$) immediately after 23G needle injury, but N3, N4 and N5 did not change significantly. Recovery of waveform delayed 30 minutes in SEPs and 45 minutes in SSEPs. 6. The degree of decrease in amplitude of SEPs and SSEPs, after 30G needle injury was smaller than those with 23G. SEPs recorded on the level of mandibular foramen were though to be reliable and useful in the assessment of the function of the inferior alveolar nerve after injury. Amplitude of SSEPs reflected the function and integrity of nerve and measuring them provided a safe, simple and abjective test to check oral and facial sensibility. These results suggest that measuring SEPs and SSEPs are meaningful methods for objective assessment in the diagnosis of nerve injury. N1 and N2 of SSEPs can be useful parameters for the evaluation of the nerve function following a needle injury.