• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 2022

This study analyzed the translation error factors of machine translation services such as Naver Papago and Google Translate through Self-Attention path visualization. Self-Attention is a key method of the Transformer and BERT NLP models and recently widely used in machine translation. We propose a method to explain translation error factors of machine translation algorithms by comparison the Self-Attention paths between ST(source text) and ST'(transformed ST) of which meaning is not changed, but the translation output is more accurate. Through this method, it is possible to gain explainability to analyze a machine translation algorithm's inside process, which is invisible like a black box. In our experiment, it was possible to explore the factors that caused translation errors by analyzing the difference in key word's attention path. The study used the XLM-RoBERTa multilingual NLP model provided by exBERT for Self-Attention visualization, and it was applied to two examples of Korean-Chinese and Korean-English translations.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.21-31
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to find the influence of Chinese falling-rising tone on the pitch pattern of corresponding partly-different-form-same-meaning Sino-Korean words delivered by Chinese learners of Korean and to examine how the falling-rising tone of corresponding Chinese words affects the pitch patterns of Sino-Korean words. The scope of this research is limited to Chinese learners of Korean, especially on two groups of Sino-Korean words - AB:CB type and AB:AC type that the are second-most frequently occuring different-form-same-meaning Sino-Korean words. In this study, Chinese learners pronounced both Chinese words and corresponding Sino-Korean words. Learners' pitch patterns were recorded and analyzed using software and compared with the tone of corresponding Chinese words. Experimental results showed that AB:CB type Sino-Korean words were not affected by Chinese 'falling-rising tone - high and level tone'. As well as AB:CB type, experimental results showed there were no significant influence on the pitch pattern of AB:AC type Sino-Korean words by Chinese falling-rising tone. But it was clear that Chinese learners' made pitch errors on both AB:CB type and AB:AC type Sino-Korean words. In conclusion, the Chinese learners' pitch patterns of partly-different-form-same-meaning Sino-Korean words are different from Korean native speakers', but their pitch errors cannot be attributed to Chinese falling-rising tone.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.323-333
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of the experience of adapting to the dietary treatment for hemodialysis patients. Methods: The data were collected through in-depth interviews of ten hemodialysis patients who have been dialyzed for longer than five months. Giorgi's phenomenological method was used for data analysis. Results: The findings included five constituents and 16 sub-constituents. The five constituents concerning diet therapy were: 'suffering', 'undergoing trial and error', 'understanding the need', 'finding alternatives', and 'realizing the meaning of dietary therapy.' Conclusion: The findings contribute to understanding the process of adapting to diet therapy. The results of this study may be utilized in assisting patients to understand the diet therapy process.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.55-70
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• 2010

Although scholarly terminology should have clear meanings as signs, Korean pagoda terminology has become jargon and is creating difficulties in communicating meanings which are far from the originally intended meanings; this terminology is sometimes notated in dead language, meaning old Chinese characters, or Japanese styled Chinese characters. Nobody has asked questions on the terminology itself which has long been commonly used for a century, since the Japanese-ruling period. One of the main reasons for this error is that the Indian Buddhist scriptures in Sanskrit has been translated into Chinese with vague understanding of form and meaning of stupa since 3rd Century A.D. On the other hand, the English-language terminology, already built by Indology scholars since the beginning of the 20th century, consists of easier language and clearer meanings. This paper examines misunderstanding and mistranslation of the original Indian stupa terms and suggests new terminology in current, easier language.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.186-193
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• 2014

On-center handling feel indices are the important numerical factors that meaning performance of manuability and stability felt by drivers. They should be considered to suspension design. The major factor that affect to these indices is the shape of assist torque curve. This paper presents the variables that meaning the shape of the assist torque curve and analyze the effect of each variables. And using interaction formulas, it is proposed that the method to extract the variables that satisfy the goal indices. The result of simulation that applied assist torque curve extracted by the method demonstrate the capability of this method with error under 8%.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.10 no.3 s.27
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• pp.169-187
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• 2006

Ubiquitous errors in algebra like $(x+y)^2=x^2+y^2$ are a constant reminder that most students' manipulation of algebraic symbols has become detached from structural principles. The U.S. mathematics education community (NCTM, 2000) has responded by shying away from algebra as a structural study, preferring instead to ground meaning in empirical domains of reference. A new analysis of such errors shows that students' detachment from structural meaning stems from an inadequate structural curriculum, not from the inherent difficulty of adopting an abstract perspective on expressions and equations. A structural curriculum is outlined that preserves the possibility of students' engaging fully with algebra as both an empirical and a structural study.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.40
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• pp.213-238
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• 2015

This article attempts to correct errors in five words related to Shiji (The Grand Scribe's Records) Liezhuan (A Series of Biographies), which are presented in the Great Chinese-Korean Dictionary. The author analyses the problems with meaning interpretations of three words and additional meaning interpretations of two words. The main points of the study are presented in the following. First, in relation to the error correction in meaning interpretation, this study finds out that the explanations of "jiayu," "jiaochi," and "guancai" in the Great Chinese-Korean Dictionary are incorrect. Most of the cases include plausible interpretations of the words that are likely to cause readers to be confused with the meanings. Each of the words should be interpreted as "lend${\rightarrow}$give," "arrangement${\rightarrow}$new decoration, ornamentation, or embellishment after removing old one," and "accept something carefully or accept something after inspection${\rightarrow}$look over carefully or search for something." Second, as for the supplementary correction, this study points out that the explanations of "xiaoshi" and "shennian" are not sufficient. The following meanings for each word should be added, including "display skills" and " be trapped inside one's own mind." Furthermore, when comparing with the different translation versions by scholars at home and abroad, we can come to a following conclusion. The interpretations made by Zheng, Fan-Zhen are the most accurate for the "jiayu" item. With respect to the "jiaochi" item, the interpretations given by Piao, Yi- Feng; Wang, Li-Qi; Yang, Zhong-Xian; and Hao, Zhi-Da are relatively appropriate. The "guancai" item is adequately interpreted by Piao, Yi-Feng and Wang, Li-Qi. In the meaning interpretation of the "xiaoshi," Jin, Yuan- Zhong gave correct explanations. In addition, it is considered that Wang, Zhong provided the most ideal translations for the item "shennian."

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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• v.28A no.9
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• pp.708-714
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• 1991

In this paper, the noise contribution to the permit tivity profile reconstructed by the spectral inverse scattering scheme is investigated and a low-pass filter is proposed to reduce such the noise effects. Numerical simulations showed that the reconstructed profiles are affected by extremely large error. The suggested low-pass filter made it possible to reconstruct the permittivity profile nearly similar to the original. Furthermore, the optimal condition to the low-pass filter agreed well with the physical meaning even if several variables involved in the inverse scattering scheme were changed.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.247-258
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• 1999

With the contemporary CAD/CAM system, where the tool path is generated and verified purely based on the geometric operation, geometric accuracy of the machined surface cannot be guaranteed dut to the cutting mechanics, meaning that the cutting mechanics should be incorporated in some fashion. In this paper, we incorporate the instantaneous cutting force and the tool deflection phenomena in predicting the machined surface for the finish-cut and milling operation. For the given NC dat including cutting conditions, the developed algorithm computes cutting force and deflection amount along the tool trajectory, and outputs the 3D graphic model of the machined surface together with error analysis. The validity and accuracy of the presented method has been tested by the actual cutting experiments. Experimental results and accuracy enhancement method together with implementing architecture of the VMCS (Virtual Machining CAM System) are discussed in the paper.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.857-860
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• 1996

The area of gear dynamics has recently been the focus of many studies. A new tooth profile modification was proposed by author for reducing vibration and noise of involute gears. A comparative dynamic analysis of the gear drive with the involute tooth and the modified tooth profile(using cubic splines) is performed to the unuformal transmission error reduces the gear vibration and noise due to less dynamic tooth load variation during the meshing cycle. This work also include a gear design process by the meaning of a practical approach, such as Win95 based simulation program with all using basic geardesign variables. Especially this program enables gear designers to dynamic analysis based on G.U.I.