• Wind and Structures
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.419-430
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• 2022

In wind-resistant designs, wind velocity is assumed to be a Gaussian process; however, local complex topography may result in strong non-Gaussian wind features. This study investigates the non-Gaussian wind features over complex terrain under atmospheric turbulent boundary layers by the large eddy simulation (LES) model, and the turbulent inlet of LES is generated by the consistent discretizing random flow generation (CDRFG) method. The performance of LES is validated by two different complex terrains in Changsha and Mianyang, China, and the results are compared with wind tunnel tests and onsite measurements, respectively. Furthermore, the non-Gaussian parameters, such as skewness, kurtosis, probability curves, and gust factors, are analyzed in-depth. The results show that the LES method is in good agreement with both mean and turbulent wind fields from wind tunnel tests and onsite measurements. Wind fields in complex terrain mostly exhibit a left-skewed Gaussian process, and it changes from a softening Gaussian process to a hardening Gaussian process as the height increases. A reduction in the gust factors of about 2.0%-15.0% can be found by taking into account the non-Gaussian features, except for a 4.4% increase near the ground in steep terrain. This study can provide a reference for the assessment of extreme wind loads on structures in complex terrain.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 2023

In this study, simplified linear numerical method that can simulate wave generation and transformation by a moving bottom is introduced. Numerical analysis is conducted in wave number domain after continuity equation, linear dynamic and kinematic free surface boundary conditions and linear kinematic bottom boundary condition are Fourier transformed, and the results are expressed in space domain by an inverse Fourier transform. In the wavenumber domain, the dynamic free water surface boundary condition and the kinematic free water surface boundary condition are numerically calculated, and the velocity potential in the mean water level (z = 0) satisfies the continuity equation and the kinematic bottom boundary condition. Wave generation and transformation are investigated when the triangular and rectangular shape of bottoms move periodically. The results of the simplified numerical method are compared with the results of previous analytical solutions and agree well with them. Stability of numerical results according to the calculation time interval (Δt) and the calculation wave number interval (Δk) was also investigated. It was found that the numerical results were appropriate when Δt ≤ T(period)/1000 and Δk ≤ π/100.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.313-313
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• 2023

이 연구에서는 침수식생 조건에서 식생 형태 별 frontal area, solid volume fraction이 유속 분포에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 흐름측정결과로부터 식생 형태에 따른 난류흐름특성을 분석하기 위하여 수행 되었다. 식생흐름 구현을 위하여 5 cm의 간격으로 총 257개의 모형식생을 전체 영역에 배치했다. 유속측정위치는 수위측정결과에 따라 흐름이 안정화되는 구간에서 연직방향으로 17개 지점에서 측정한 후 앙상블 평균하여 분석했다. Branch의 유무에 따라 Type I과 II로 구분하여 각 식생에 대해 유속의 연직분포를 측정한 결과, Branch가 없는 Type I에서는 유속이 지속적으로 감소하는 반면, Type 2에서는 Frontal area가 급격히 증가하는 Branch 구간에서 유속이 급격히 감소한 후 Trunk 구간에서 유속이 다시 증가하는 변화를 보였다. Velocity Spectrum 분석 결과, 모든 지점에 대해 평균한 결과 고주파수 영역에서 -5/3 law를 따르는 것으로 나타나 전체 영역에서 isotropic & homogeneous 난류흐름이 발생함을 확인했다. 난류흐름특성 계산결과, Turbulent kinetic energy(k)를 mean kinetic energy(K)로 무차원화하여 연직분포를 비교했을 때 -k/K는 모두 식생에 근접하며 증가했다. Shear production(P_s)의 계산결과로부터 전단흐름에 의한 난류운동에너지 생성영향분석결과, Type I과 II가 식생경계의 mixing interface 부근에서 급격히 증가하는 분포를 보였으며, 이는 시간평균유속분포에서 분석한 결과와 일치한다. Wake production(P_w)의 연직분포계산결과, P_s와 유사하게 식생경계 부근에서 상승하는 결과가 나타났으며, 이는 식생경계에서 발생하는 Large scale eddy로 인해 발생함을 알 수 있다. 마지막으로 x-방향 난류확산계수로부터 scale factor(α_x)의 연직분포를 계산한 결과, 식생경계부근의 mixing interface에서 증가한 후 식생영역 내에서 감소하는 분포를 나타냈다. z-방향 난류확산 계수의 scale factor(α_z)는 α_x에 비해 작게 계산되었다. 이러한 결과는 오염물질의 연직확산이 식생경계에서 증가한 후 식생 내부에서 감소하여 오염물질, 부유사 등의 축적이 이뤄질 것으로 예상된다. 이는 가지로 인해 식생저항이 증가할 경우 용존성 물질의 혼합이 감소하여 식생의 저장대 효과가 증가함을 의미한다.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.10-21
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• 2023

For various target tracking applications, it is well known that the Kalman filter is the optimal estimator(in the minimum mean-square sense) to predict and estimate the state(position and/or velocity) of linear dynamical systems driven by Gaussian stochastic noise. In the case of nonlinear systems, Extended Kalman filter(EKF) and/or Unscented Kalman filter(UKF) are widely used, which can be viewed as approximations of the(linear) Kalman filter in the sense of the conditional expectation. However, to implement EKF and UKF, the exact dynamical model information and the statistical information of noise are still required. In this paper, we propose the recurrent neural-network based Kalman filter, where its Kalman gain is obtained via the proposed GRU-LSTM based neural-network framework that does not need the precise model information as well as the noise covariance information. By the proposed neural-network based Kalman filter, the state estimation performance is enhanced in terms of the tracking error, which is verified through various linear and nonlinear tracking problems with incomplete model and statistical covariance information.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.154-165
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• 1993

A stochastic method using continuous time Markov process is presented to model the one-dimensional convective nuclide transport in geologic media, which have usually heterogeneous feature in physical/geochemical parameters such as velocity, dispersion coefficient, and retardation factor resulting poor description by conventional deterministic advection-dispersion model. The primary desired quantities from a stochastic model are the mean values and variance of the state variables as a function of time. The time-dependent probability distributions of nuclides are presented for each discretized compartment given the volumetric groundwater flux and the intensity of transition. Since this model is discrete in medium space, physical/geochemical parameters which affect nuclide transport can be easily incorporated for the heterogeneous media as well as remarkably layered media having spatially varied parameters. Even though the Markov process model developed in this study was shown to be sensitive to the number of discretized compartments showing numerical dispersion as the number of compartments are increased, this could be easily calibrated by comparing with the analytical deterministic model.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.16-16
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• 2021

전자파표면유속계(Microwave Water Surface Current Meter)를 이용한 홍수기 유량측정은 교량과 같은 구조물을 이용하여 안전 및 측정위치의 흐름조건 등의 이유로 측정의 한계가 발생한다. 이런 문제점을 개선하기 위해 전자파표면유속계를 드론(Drone)과 결합하여 하천에서의 유량측정에 이용하였다. 전자파표면유속계는 비접촉식 유속측정 장비로 하천의 표면유속을 측정하고 유량산정을 위해 환산계수 0.85를 적용하여 평균유속을 산정하고 있다. 환산계수 0.85는 하천의 각 횡측선 수심-유속분포를 일반적인 분포로 가정하고 표면유속에 0.85를 곱하여 평균유속을 산정한다(Rantz, 1982). 그러나 하천의 측정위치 및 흐름특성에 따라 유속분포가 변화하기 때문에 국외 많은 연구에서 환산계수의 범위를 0.72에서 1.72까지 제시한 바 있다(Johnson and Cowen, 2017). 따라서 환산계수 0.85의 일률적인 적용은 부정확한 유량산정을 초래할 수 있어 측정위치에 적절한 환산계수 산정이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 2020년 금강의 지류인 봉황천에 위치한 금산군(황풍교) 관측소에서 드론과 전자파표면유속계를 이용해 측정한 표면유속과 ADCP를 이용하여 동시 측정한 평균유속의 비교를 통해 환산계수를 산정하여 평균유속 산정의 정확도를 높이고자 하였다. 전자파표면유속계로 측정한 6개 성과 중 ADCP와 동시 측정한 4개의 성과를 분석하여 환산계수를 산정하였다. 측정성과별 측선수는 16~17개로 홍수터로 월류하여 비정상흐름이 발생한 측선은 제외하고 측선별 환산계수는 0.66에서 1.09의 범위로 나타났고, 성과별 환산계수의 평균치는 0.90에서 0.93 범위로 산정되었다. 환산계수가 일반적인 수치보다 높게 산정된 것은 측정위치 하류 약 600m에 위치한 콘크리트 고정보의 영향이 홍수 시 흐름의 수위-유속분포에 영향을 미쳐 높게 산정된 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 유량산정에 있어 환산계수는 4개 성과에서 산정된 환산계수의 평균치인 0.92를 적용하여 산정하였다.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.175-200
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• 2023

The large eddy simulation (LES) of the flow around a circular cylinder is not only affected by the sub-grid scale (SGS) model but also by the grid resolution of the computational domain. To study the influence of different grids on the LES results, the LES simulations of the flow around a circular cylinder with different grids at Reynolds number (Re) = 3900 was performed. A circular computational domain with different radial growth rates and circumferential and spanwise grid numbers was adopted for the simulations. Meanwhile, the aerodynamic forces, wind pressure coefficients, mean and instantaneous flow fields, and the effect of grid resolution on them were comprehensively analyzed. The results indicate that the lift coefficient, wind pressure coefficient, and recirculation length are significantly affected by the radial growth rate of the grid and the circumferential grid number. The spanwise grid number has a significant influence on the three-dimensionality of the flow and plays an important role in velocity fluctuations in the wake region. Nevertheless, the aerodynamic coefficients and recirculation length are not sufficiently sensitive to the grid number in the spanwise direction. By comparing the results, it can be concluded that suitable and reliable LES results can be obtained when the radial growth rate is 1.03 or 1.05, the circumferential grid number is 160, 200, or 240, and the spanwise grid number is 64. A radial growth rate 1.05, circumferential grid number 160, and spanwise grid number 64 are recommended to reduce the grid amount and further improve the efficiency.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.3B
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• pp.253-262
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• 2006

The present paper presents a direct numerical simulation of turbulent flows in a compound open-channel. Mean flows and turbulence structures are provided, and they are compared with the numerical data and measured data available in the literature. The simulated results show that twin vortices are generated near the juncture of the main channel and the floodplain and their maximum magnitude is about 5% of bulk streamwise velocity. At the juncture, the simulated wall shear stress becomes the maximum unlike the experimental data. A quadrant analysis shows that both sweeps and ejections become the main contributor to production of Reynolds shear stresses. A conditional quadrant analysis reveals that the directional tendency of dominant coherent structures determines the production of Reynolds shear stress and the pattern of twin vortices.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.3C
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• pp.157-170
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• 2006

Downhole method is considered as giving a little unreliable Vs profile when the signal to noise ratio(S/N) is low and the travel time information is erroneous although it is economical and ease of operation. Direct method has been applied for obtaining adequate result in this case. But it is difficult to determine optimum result by using direct method which is subjective and considering straight ray path. Therefore, in this paper, Mean Refracted Ray Path Method(MRM) was proposed, which is automated and considering refracted ray path. Artificial travel time data adding some travel time error was generated by forward modeling based on Snell's Law and travel time data was also obtained from numerical signal traces using FEM modelling. Using these travel time data, reliability of MRM was verified in the manner of comparing the results determined by MRM with the model. Finally, proposed method was applied to the real field data and it was considered as improved method for obtaining the optimum result in downhole seismic method.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.260-260
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• 2022

최근 홍수기 유량측정방법은 기존 봉부자를 이용한 접촉식 측정방법에서 영상촬영, 레이더 등 첨단기술을 이용한 비접촉식 표면유속 측정방법으로 변화하고 있다. 비접촉식 측정방법은 각 기술마다 표면유속 측정방법의 차이가 있으나 평균유속환산계수를 적용하여 평균유속을 산정하는 공통적인 과정을 수행한다. 평균유속환산계수는 하천의 각 횡측선 수심-유속분포를 일반적인 분포로 가정하고 표면유속에 0.85를 곱하여 평균유속을 산정한다(Rantz, 1982). 그러나 하천의 측정위치 및 흐름특성에 따라 유속분포가 변화하기 때문에 국내외 많은 연구에서 환산계수의 범위를 0.72에서 1.72까지 제시한 바 있다. 따라서 환산계수 0.85의 일률적인 적용은 실제 유량과 측정 유량의 차이가 발생할 수 있어 측정조건의 적절한 환산계수 산정이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 20년, 21년 금강의 지류인 봉황천에 위치한 금산군(황풍교) 관측소에서 전자파표면유속계를 이용해 측정한 표면유속과 ADCP를 이용하여 동시 측정한 평균유속의 비교를 통해 환산계수를 산정하였다. 또한 금강 본류의 금산군(제원대교) 관측소에서 저중수위에서 ADCP를 이용하여 측정한 평균유속 분포와 고수위에서 전자파표면유속계로 측정한 표면유속과의 경향성 검토를 통해 평균유속환산계수를 산정하였다. 본 연구에서는 지점의 평균유속환산계수를 단일 값으로 산정하였지만, 추후 하천 흐름특성의 변화를 고려한 평균유속환산계수 산정 기법 개발을 통해 보다 정확한 홍수량을 산정할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.